IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i9p5306-d803340.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Human Development Index Is Associated with COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate in Brazil: An Ecological Study

Author

Listed:
  • Camila Vantini Capasso Palamim

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil
    Postgraduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil)

  • Matheus Negri Boschiero

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil)

  • Felipe Eduardo Valencise

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil)

  • Fernando Augusto Lima Marson

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil
    Postgraduate Program in Health Science, São Francisco University, Avenida São Francisco de Assis, 218, Jardim São José, Bragança Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil)

Abstract

The Human Development Index measures a region’s development and is a step for development debate beyond the traditional, economic perspective. It can also determine the success of a country’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly affecting the case fatality rate among severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to associate the Human Development Index with the case fatality rate due to COVID-19 in each Brazilian state and the Federal District, taking into account comorbidities and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. We also evaluated the influence of the GINI index, number of intensive care unit beds, and occupied households in subnormal clusters on the case fatality rate. We performed an ecological study including two populations: COVID-19 individuals that did not require the mechanical ventilation protocol; and COVID-19 individuals under invasive mechanical ventilation. We performed a Pearson correlation test and a univariate linear regression analysis on the relationship between Human Development Index, Human Development Index—Education Level, Human Development Index—Life Expectancy, and Human Development Index—Gross National Income per capita and COVID-19 deaths. The same analyses were performed using the other markers. We grouped the patients with COVID-19 according to comorbidities and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Alpha = 0.05. We included 848,501 COVID-19 individuals, out of which 153,710 needed invasive mechanical ventilation and 314,164 died, and 280,533 COVID-19 individuals without comorbidity, out of which 33,312 needed invasive mechanical ventilation and 73,723 died. We observed a low negative Pearson correlation between the Human Development Index and death and a moderate negative Pearson correlation between the Human Development Index and deaths of individuals on invasive mechanical ventilation, with or without comorbidity. The univariate linear analysis showed the case fatality rate depends on at least 20–40% of the Human Development Index. In Brazil, regions with a low Human Development Index demonstrated a higher case fatality rate due to COVID-19, mainly in individuals who needed invasive mechanical ventilation, than regions with a higher Human Development Index. Although other indexes studied, such as intensive care unit beds and GINI, were also associated with the COVID-19 case fatality rate, they were not as relevant as the Human Development Index. Brazil is a vast territory comprising cultural, social, and economic diversity, which mirrors the diversity of the Human Development Index. Brazil is a model nation for the study of the Human Development Index’s influence on aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as its impact on the case fatality rate.

Suggested Citation

  • Camila Vantini Capasso Palamim & Matheus Negri Boschiero & Felipe Eduardo Valencise & Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, 2022. "Human Development Index Is Associated with COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate in Brazil: An Ecological Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-21, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:5306-:d:803340
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/9/5306/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/9/5306/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nicolò Gozzi & Michele Tizzoni & Matteo Chinazzi & Leo Ferres & Alessandro Vespignani & Nicola Perra, 2021. "Estimating the effect of social inequalities on the mitigation of COVID-19 across communities in Santiago de Chile," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Diego Galvan & Luciane Effting & Hágata Cremasco & Carlos Adam Conte-Junior, 2020. "Can Socioeconomic, Health, and Safety Data Explain the Spread of COVID-19 Outbreak on Brazilian Federative Units?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Kurubaran Ganasegeran & Mohd Fadzly Amar Jamil & Maheshwara Rao Appannan & Alan Swee Hock Ch’ng & Irene Looi & Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy, 2022. "Spatial Dynamics and Multiscale Regression Modelling of Population Level Indicators for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-13, February.
    4. Desai, Meghnad, 1991. "Human development : Concepts and measurement," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 35(2-3), pages 350-357, April.
    5. Sagar, Ambuj D. & Najam, Adil, 1998. "The human development index: a critical review," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 249-264, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Siying Chen & Zhixiong Tan & Xingwang He & Lichen Zhang, 2023. "The Measurements and Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Variations of Human Development Index Based on Planetary Boundaries in China: Evidence from Provincial-Level Data," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-22, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jeni Klugman & Francisco Rodríguez & Hyung-Jin Choi, 2011. "The HDI 2010: new controversies, old critiques," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 9(2), pages 249-288, June.
    2. Robert Stewart & Murshed Chowdhury & Vaalmikki Arjoon, 2021. "Bank stability and economic growth: trade-offs or opportunities?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 61(2), pages 827-853, August.
    3. Leandro Prados de la Escosura, 2015. "World Human Development: 1870–2007," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 61(2), pages 220-247, June.
    4. Sebastián Lozano Segura & Ester Gutiérrez Moya, 2009. "Human Development Index: A Non-Compensatory Assessment," Revista Cuadernos de Economia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID, June.
    5. Maria Francesca Cracolici & Miranda Cuffaro & Peter Nijkamp, 2008. "Analysis of Spatial Disparities by a Structural Equations Model," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 08-058/3, Tinbergen Institute.
    6. Yoko Kawada & Yuta Nakamura & Shuhei Otani, 2019. "An Axiomatic Foundation of the Multiplicative Human Development Index," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 65(4), pages 771-784, December.
    7. Ernest Reig, 2012. "Building an Enlarged Human Development Indicator: Europe and the Southern Mediterranean Basin," Working Papers 1203, Department of Applied Economics II, Universidad de Valencia.
    8. Giménez, Víctor & Ayvar-Campos, Francisco Javier & Navarro-Chávez, José César Lenin, 2017. "Efficiency in the generation of social welfare in Mexico: A proposal in the presence of bad outputs," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 43-52.
    9. Srijit Mishra & Hippu Slak Kristle Nathan, 2013. "Measuring human development index: The old, the new and the elegant," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2013-020, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
    10. Mandira Sarma, "undated". "Index of Financial Inclusion," Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi Working Papers 215, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, India.
    11. Sabina Alkire, James Foster, 2010. "Designing the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (HDI)," OPHI Working Papers 37, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
    12. repec:cte:whrepe:wp07-05 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Leandro Prados de la Escosura, 2010. "Improving Human Development: A Long‐Run View," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(5), pages 841-894, December.
    14. Christoph Dörffel & Sebastian Schuhmann, 2022. "What is Inclusive Development? Introducing the Multidimensional Inclusiveness Index," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 162(3), pages 1117-1148, August.
    15. Lukas Schrott & Martin Gaechter & Engelbert Theurl, 2015. "Regional Development in Advanced Countries: A Within-country Application of the Human Development Index for Austria," DANUBE: Law and Economics Review, European Association Comenius - EACO, issue 1, pages 1-23, March.
    16. Nicola Amendola & Giacomo Gabbuti & Giovanni Vecchi, 2023. "On some problems of using the Human Development Index in economic history," European Review of Economic History, European Historical Economics Society, vol. 27(4), pages 477-505.
    17. Neumayer, Eric, 2001. "The human development index and sustainability -- a constructive proposal," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 101-114, October.
    18. Leonardo Salvatore Alaimo & Emiliano Seri, 2024. "Measuring human development by means of composite indicators: open issues and new methodological tools," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 58(6), pages 5275-5307, December.
    19. Mandira Sarma, 2012. "Index of Financial Inclusion – A measure of financial sector inclusiveness," Competence Centre on Money, Trade, Finance and Development 1207, Hochschule fuer Technik und Wirtschaft, Berlin.
    20. Hussein Sayed & Ramadan Hamed & Samaa Hazem Hosny & Alyaa Hegazy Abdelhamid, 2018. "Avoiding Ranking Contradictions in Human Development Index Using Goal Programming," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 138(2), pages 405-442, July.
    21. Stéphane Blancard & Jean-François Hoarau, 2011. "Optimizing the new formulation of the United Nations' human development index: An empirical view from data envelopment analysis," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 31(1), pages 989-1003.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:5306-:d:803340. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.