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Citizenship Matters: Non-Citizen COVID-19 Mortality Disparities in New York and Los Angeles

Author

Listed:
  • Jason A. Douglas

    (Department of Health Sciences, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA)

  • Georgiana Bostean

    (Sociology and Environmental Science & Policy Programs, Schmid & Wilkinson Colleges, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA)

  • Angel Miles Nash

    (Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA)

  • Emmanuel B. John

    (Department of Physical Therapy, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA)

  • Lawrence M. Brown

    (School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA)

  • Andrew M. Subica

    (Department of Social Medicine, Population & Public Health, Riverside School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA)

Abstract

U.S. non-citizen residents are burdened by inequitable access to socioeconomic resources, potentially placing them at heightened risk of COVID-19-related disparities. However, COVID-19 impacts on non-citizens are not well understood. Accordingly, the current study investigated COVID-19 mortality disparities within New York (NYC) and Los Angeles (LAC) to test our hypothesis that areas with large proportions of non-citizens will have disproportionately high COVID-19 mortality rates. We examined ecological associations between March 2020–January 2021 COVID-19 mortality rates (per 100,000 residents) and percent non-citizens (using ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTA) for NYC and City/Community units of analysis for LAC) while controlling for sociodemographic factors. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed significant positive associations between the percentage of non-citizen residents and COVID-19 mortality rates in NYC (95% CI 0.309, 5.181) and LAC (95% CI 0.498, 8.720). Despite NYC and LAC policies intended to provide sanctuary and improve healthcare access for non-citizen residents, communities with larger proportions of non-citizens appear to endure higher COVID-19 mortality rates. The challenges that non-citizens endure—e.g., inequitable access to public benefits—may discourage help-seeking behaviors. Thus, improved health surveillance, public health messaging, and sanctuary policies will be essential for reducing COVID-19 mortality disparities in communities with large shares of non-citizens.

Suggested Citation

  • Jason A. Douglas & Georgiana Bostean & Angel Miles Nash & Emmanuel B. John & Lawrence M. Brown & Andrew M. Subica, 2022. "Citizenship Matters: Non-Citizen COVID-19 Mortality Disparities in New York and Los Angeles," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:5066-:d:799003
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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