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The Association between ADHD and Environmental Chemicals—A Scoping Review

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  • Sonja Moore

    (Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland
    Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), 70210 Kuopio, Finland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Laura Paalanen

    (Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Lisa Melymuk

    (RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic)

  • Andromachi Katsonouri

    (State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nicosia 2081, Cyprus)

  • Marike Kolossa-Gehring

    (German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany)

  • Hanna Tolonen

    (Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00271 Helsinki, Finland)

Abstract

The role of environmental chemicals in the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been of interest in recent research. This scoping review aims to summarize known or possible associations between ADHD and environmental exposures to substances selected as priority chemicals of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU). Literature searches were performed in PubMed to identify relevant publications. Only meta-analyses and review articles were included, as they provide more extensive evidence compared to individual studies. The collected evidence indicated that lead (Pb), phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are moderately to highly associated with ADHD. Limited evidence exists for an association between ADHD and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), flame retardants, mercury (Hg), and pesticides. The evidence of association between ADHD and cadmium (Cd) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) based on the identified reviews was low but justified further research. The methods of the individual studies included in the reviews and meta-analyses covered in the current paper varied considerably. Making precise conclusions in terms of the strength of evidence on association between certain chemicals and ADHD was not straightforward. More research is needed for stronger evidence of associations or the lack of an association between specific chemical exposures and ADHD.

Suggested Citation

  • Sonja Moore & Laura Paalanen & Lisa Melymuk & Andromachi Katsonouri & Marike Kolossa-Gehring & Hanna Tolonen, 2022. "The Association between ADHD and Environmental Chemicals—A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:5:p:2849-:d:761644
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gabriele Donzelli & Annalaura Carducci & Agustin Llopis-Gonzalez & Marco Verani & Agustin Llopis-Morales & Lorenzo Cioni & María Morales-Suárez-Varela, 2019. "The Association between Lead and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-14, January.
    2. Xueping Chen & Shisan Xu & Tianfeng Tan & Sin Ting Lee & Shuk Han Cheng & Fred Wang Fat Lee & Steven Jing Liang Xu & Kin Chung Ho, 2014. "Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-13, March.
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