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Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures

Author

Listed:
  • Xueping Chen

    (Vitargent (International) Biotechnology Limited, Unit 516, 5/F. Biotech Centre 2, No. 11 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong)

  • Shisan Xu

    (State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong)

  • Tianfeng Tan

    (Vitargent (International) Biotechnology Limited, Unit 516, 5/F. Biotech Centre 2, No. 11 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong)

  • Sin Ting Lee

    (Vitargent (International) Biotechnology Limited, Unit 516, 5/F. Biotech Centre 2, No. 11 Science Park West Avenue, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong)

  • Shuk Han Cheng

    (State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong)

  • Fred Wang Fat Lee

    (School of Science and Technology, Open University of Hong Kong, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong)

  • Steven Jing Liang Xu

    (School of Science and Technology, Open University of Hong Kong, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong)

  • Kin Chung Ho

    (School of Science and Technology, Open University of Hong Kong, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Homantin, Kowloon, Hong Kong)

Abstract

Phthalates, widely used in flexible plastics and consumer products, have become ubiquitous contaminants worldwide. This study evaluated the acute toxicity and estrogenic endocrine disrupting activity of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di( n -butyl) phthalate (DBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di- n -octyl phthalate (DNOP) and their mixtures. Using a 72 h zebrafish embryo toxicity test, the LC 50 values of BBP, DBP and a mixture of the six phthalates were found to be 0.72, 0.63 and 0.50 ppm, respectively. The other four phthalates did not cause more than 50% exposed embryo mortality even at their highest soluble concentrations. The typical toxicity symptoms caused by phthalates were death, tail curvature, necrosis, cardio edema and no touch response. Using an estrogen-responsive ChgH - EGFP transgenic medaka ( Oryzias melastigma ) eleutheroembryos based 24 h test, BBP demonstrated estrogenic activity, DBP, DEHP, DINP and the mixture of the six phthalates exhibited enhanced-estrogenic activity and DIDP and DNOP showed no enhanced- or anti-estrogenic activity. These findings highlighted the developmental toxicity of BBP and DBP, and the estrogenic endocrine disrupting activity of BBP, DBP, DEHP and DINP on intact organisms, indicating that the widespread use of these phthalates may cause potential health risks to human beings.

Suggested Citation

  • Xueping Chen & Shisan Xu & Tianfeng Tan & Sin Ting Lee & Shuk Han Cheng & Fred Wang Fat Lee & Steven Jing Liang Xu & Kin Chung Ho, 2014. "Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:11:y:2014:i:3:p:3156-3168:d:34048
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Sonja Moore & Laura Paalanen & Lisa Melymuk & Andromachi Katsonouri & Marike Kolossa-Gehring & Hanna Tolonen, 2022. "The Association between ADHD and Environmental Chemicals—A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    2. Ting Yang & Lei Ren & Yang Jia & Shuanghu Fan & Junhuan Wang & Jiayi Wang & Ruth Nahurira & Haisheng Wang & Yanchun Yan, 2018. "Biodegradation of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Rhodococcus ruber YC-YT1 in Contaminated Water and Soil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-20, May.
    3. Wei-Jie Wang & Chia-Sung Wang & Chi-Kang Wang & An-Ming Yang & Chien-Yu Lin, 2022. "Urine Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Metabolites Are Independently Related to Body Fluid Status in Adults: Results from a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-13, June.
    4. Decai Jin & Xiao Kong & Yujie Li & Zhihui Bai & Guoqiang Zhuang & Xuliang Zhuang & Ye Deng, 2015. "Biodegradation of di- n -Butyl Phthalate by Achromobacter sp. Isolated from Rural Domestic Wastewater," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-13, October.
    5. Hyeri Jeong & Jongwoon Kim & Youngjun Kim, 2017. "Identification of Linkages between EDCs in Personal Care Products and Breast Cancer through Data Integration Combined with Gene Network Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-17, September.
    6. Tan Ma & Xiaoqin Yin & Ruitong Han & Jie Ding & Huan Zhang & Xiaodong Han & Dongmei Li, 2017. "Effects of In Utero Exposure to Di-n-Butyl Phthalate on Testicular Development in Rat," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-12, October.
    7. Chih-Feng Chen & Yun-Ru Ju & Yee Cheng Lim & Jih-Hsing Chang & Chiu-Wen Chen & Cheng-Di Dong, 2018. "Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Urban River Sediments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-12, October.

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