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Urine Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Metabolites Are Independently Related to Body Fluid Status in Adults: Results from a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey

Author

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  • Wei-Jie Wang

    (Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
    Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 300, Taiwan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Chia-Sung Wang

    (Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Chi-Kang Wang

    (Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan)

  • An-Ming Yang

    (Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan
    Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan)

  • Chien-Yu Lin

    (Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan
    Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
    School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan)

Abstract

Purpose: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been utilized in many daily products for decades. Previous studies have reported that DEHP exposure could induce renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation and increase epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity, which contributes to extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion. However, there is also no previous study to evaluate the association between DEHP exposure and body fluid status. Methods: We selected 1678 subjects (aged ≥18 years) from a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2003–2004 to determine the relationship between urine DEHP metabolites and body composition (body measures, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)). Results: After weighing the sampling strategy in multiple linear regression analysis, we report that higher levels of DEHP metabolites are correlated with increases in body measures (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference), BIA parameters (estimated fat mass, percent body fat, ECF, and ECF/intracellular fluid (ICF) ratio) in multiple linear regression analysis. The relationship between DEHP metabolites and the ECF/ICF ratio was more evident in subjects of younger age (20–39 years old), women, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, and subjects who were not active smokers. Conclusion: In addition to being positively correlated with body measures and body fat, we found that urine DEHP metabolites were positively correlated with ECF and the ECF/ICF ratio in the US general adult population. The finding implies that DEHP exposures might increase ECF volume and the ECF/ICF ratio, which may have adverse health outcomes on the cardiovascular system. Further research is needed to clarify the causal relationship.

Suggested Citation

  • Wei-Jie Wang & Chia-Sung Wang & Chi-Kang Wang & An-Ming Yang & Chien-Yu Lin, 2022. "Urine Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Metabolites Are Independently Related to Body Fluid Status in Adults: Results from a U.S. Nationally Representative Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-13, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:6964-:d:833010
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xueping Chen & Shisan Xu & Tianfeng Tan & Sin Ting Lee & Shuk Han Cheng & Fred Wang Fat Lee & Steven Jing Liang Xu & Kin Chung Ho, 2014. "Toxicity and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Phthalates and Their Mixtures," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-13, March.
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