IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i5p2720-d759278.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Relationship between Socio-Demographic Factors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross Sectional Study among Civilian Participants’ Hostilities in Ukraine

Author

Listed:
  • Stanisław Fel

    (The Institute of Sociological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland)

  • Krzysztof Jurek

    (The Institute of Sociological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland)

  • Katarzyna Lenart-Kłoś

    (The Institute of Sociological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland)

Abstract

Background: Even though there is an extensive body of literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals who have experienced armed conflict, there are still many grey areas, especially in relation to civilian participants in hostilities. This article evaluates how socio-demographic factors and the interactions between them have influenced PTSD among civilians involved in the recent war in Ukraine. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of 314 adults, 74 women, and 235 men. The mean age was 34.08 years. We used the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist–Civilian Version (PCL-C). Results: Our findings show that predictors of posttraumatic stress are loss of a loved one, place of residence, gender, continuation of education, and health insurance. We demonstrated that PTSD produced by the loss of a loved one as a result of war is determined by participation in the education system, whatever the level of education. The literature emphasises the importance of social support, e.g., from the family. We demonstrated that having children is associated with a risk of more severe PTSD, causing serious mental strain among participants of hostilities. We discovered that material security lowers PTSD, but only among people who have no children. Conclusions: PTSD is the result of not only the violence and damage caused by war but also of other stressful circumstances associated with the social and financial conditions of life. Further research needs to focus on identifying modifiable risk factors and protective factors that could be embraced by intervention strategies. Our findings can inform the goals behind therapeutic support for civilian participants of hostilities, and implications for social work. Social work professionals are encouraged to engage in direct questioning and to maintain a supportive and safe environment for participants in hostilities, e.g., in the area of education. Trauma-affected people need to be given opportunities to build up their strengths and increase their psychological resources towards well-being. Social security (health insurance, savings, material security) should be taken into account when working with people affected by PTSD.

Suggested Citation

  • Stanisław Fel & Krzysztof Jurek & Katarzyna Lenart-Kłoś, 2022. "Relationship between Socio-Demographic Factors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross Sectional Study among Civilian Participants’ Hostilities in Ukraine," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:5:p:2720-:d:759278
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/5/2720/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/5/2720/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pamela Y. Collins & Vikram Patel & Sarah S. Joestl & Dana March & Thomas R. Insel & Abdallah S. Daar & Isabel A. Bordin & E. Jane Costello & Maureen Durkin & Christopher Fairburn & Roger I. Glass & Wa, 2011. "Grand challenges in global mental health," Nature, Nature, vol. 475(7354), pages 27-30, July.
    2. Chen Xue & Yang Ge & Bihan Tang & Yuan Liu & Peng Kang & Meng Wang & Lulu Zhang, 2015. "A Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Combat-Related PTSD among Military Personnel and Veterans," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(3), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Elbogen, E.B. & Sullivan, C.P. & Wolfe, J. & Wagner, H.R. & Beckham, J.C., 2013. "Homelessness and money mismanagement in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(S2), pages 248-254.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Katarzyna Karakiewicz-Krawczyk & Krzysztof Zdziarski & Marek Landowski & Agnieszka Nieradko-Heluszko & Artur Kotwas & Paweł Szumilas & Anna Knyszyńska & Beata Karakiewicz, 2022. "The Opinions of Poles about the Need to Provide Humanitarian Aid to Refugees from the Area Covered by the Russian–Ukrainian War," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-14, October.
    2. Jagoda Grzejszczak & Agata Gabryelska & Agnieszka Gmitrowicz & Magdalena Kotlicka-Antczak & Dominik Strzelecki, 2022. "Are Children Harmed by Being Locked up at Home? The Impact of Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Phenomenon of Domestic Violence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-13, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Turner, Alex J. & Fichera, Eleonora & Sutton, Matt, 2021. "The effects of in-utero exposure to influenza on mental health and mortality risk throughout the life-course," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    2. Stevan Merill Weine & Scott Langenecker & Aliriza Arenliu, 2018. "Global mental health and the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 64(5), pages 436-442, August.
    3. Vinay Basavaraju & Manisha Murugesan & Channaveerachari Naveen Kumar & Guru S Gowda & Santhosh Kumar Tamaraiselvan & Jagadisha Thirthalli & Shashidhara Harihara Nagabhushana & Narayana Manjunatha & Su, 2022. "Care at door-steps for persons with severe mental disorders: A pilot experience from Karnataka district mental health program," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 68(2), pages 273-280, March.
    4. Fu, Lin & Zhou, Yueyue & Zheng, Hao & Cheng, Jin & Fan, Yue & Eli, Buzohre & Liu, Zhengkui, 2024. "Effectiveness of a brief social network intervention for depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents under major chronic stress," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    5. Mayston, Rosie & Frissa, Souci & Tekola, Bethlehem & Hanlon, Charlotte & Prince, Martin & Fekadu, Abebaw, 2020. "Explanatory models of depression in sub-Saharan Africa: Synthesis of qualitative evidence," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    6. Mochamad Pasha & Marc Rockmore & Chih Ming Tan & Dhanushka Thamarapani, 2023. "Early Life Exposure to Above Average Rainfall and Adult Mental Health," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 85(4), pages 692-717, August.
    7. Nerea Almeda & Carlos R. García-Alonso & José A. Salinas-Pérez & Mencía R. Gutiérrez-Colosía & Luis Salvador-Carulla, 2019. "Causal Modelling for Supporting Planning and Management of Mental Health Services and Systems: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-20, January.
    8. Wang, Tianyu & Sun, Ruochen & Sindelar, Jody L. & Chen, Xi, 2024. "Occupational differences in the effects of retirement on hospitalizations for mental illness among female workers: Evidence from administrative data in China," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    9. April Opoliner & Deborah Blacker & Garrett Fitzmaurice & Anne Becker, 2014. "Challenges in assessing depressive symptoms in Fiji: A psychometric evaluation of the CES-D," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 60(4), pages 367-376, June.
    10. Brandon Vick, 2020. "Measuring Multi-Dimensional Deprivation Among U.S. Veterans," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 150(1), pages 191-218, July.
    11. Iman Elfeddali & Christina M. Van der Feltz-Cornelis & Jim Van Os & Susanne Knappe & Eduard Vieta & Hans-Ulrich Wittchen & Carla Obradors-Tarragó & Josep Maria Haro, 2014. "Horizon 2020 Priorities in Clinical Mental Health Research: Results of a Consensus-Based ROAMER Expert Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-25, October.
    12. Yue Hua & Yun Qiu & Xiaoqing Tan, 2023. "The effects of temperature on mental health: evidence from China," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(3), pages 1293-1332, July.
    13. Tara Powell & Shang-Ju Li & Yuan Hsiao & Chloe Ettari & Anish Bhandari & Anne Peterson & Niva Shakya, 2019. "Investigating the Aftershock of a Disaster: A Study of Health Service Utilization and Mental Health Symptoms in Post-Earthquake Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-15, April.
    14. Eddy Eustache & Margaret E Gerbasi & Jennifer Severe & J Reginald Fils-Aimé & Mary C Smith Fawzi & Giuseppe J Raviola & Sarah Darghouth & Kate Boyd & Tatiana Thérosmé & Rupinder Legha & Ermaze L Pi, 2017. "Formative research on a teacher accompaniment model to promote youth mental health in Haiti: Relevance to mental health task-sharing in low-resource school settings," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 63(4), pages 314-324, June.
    15. Lubens, Pauline & Silver, Roxane Cohen, 2019. "U.S. combat veterans’ responses to suicide and combat deaths: A mixed-methods study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 1-1.
    16. Michaela Roberts & Kathryn Colley & Margaret Currie & Antonia Eastwood & Kuang-Heng Li & Lisa M. Avery & Lindsay C. Beevers & Isobel Braithwaite & Martin Dallimer & Zoe G. Davies & Helen L. Fisher & C, 2023. "The Contribution of Environmental Science to Mental Health Research: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(7), pages 1-36, March.
    17. Chrysi K Kaparounaki & Chrysoula A Koraka & Eleni S Kotsi & Anna-Maria P Ntziovara & Gerasimos C Kyriakidis & Konstantinos N Fountoulakis, 2019. "Greek university student’s attitudes and beliefs concerning mental illness and its treatment," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 65(6), pages 515-526, September.
    18. Krupchanka, D. & Chrtková, D. & Vítková, M. & Munzel, D. & Čihařová, M. & Růžičková, T. & Winkler, P. & Janoušková, M. & Albanese, E. & Sartorius, N., 2018. "Experience of stigma and discrimination in families of persons with schizophrenia in the Czech Republic," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 129-135.
    19. Gabriela Petereit-Haack & Ulrich Bolm-Audorff & Karla Romero Starke & Andreas Seidler, 2020. "Occupational Risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma-Related Depression: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-21, December.
    20. Huiping Zhu & Xiayidanmu Abudusaimaiti & Joe Xiang & Qi Gao, 2019. "Deliberate Self-Harm Among Chinese Children with Different Types and Severity of Disabilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-11, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:5:p:2720-:d:759278. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.