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The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Glycaemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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  • Omorogieva Ojo

    (School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, Avery Hill Campus, University of Greenwich, Avery Hill Road, London SE9 2UG, UK)

  • Xiao-Hua Wang

    (The School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China)

  • Osarhumwese Osaretin Ojo

    (Smoking Cessation Department, University Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Lewisham High Street, London SE13 6LH, UK)

  • Edith Orjih

    (Diabetes and Endocrine Department, Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford & Gravesham NHS Trust, Dartford DA2 8DA, UK)

  • Nivedita Pavithran

    (Department of Clinical Nutrition, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India)

  • Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye

    (Centre for Healthcare Research, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK)

  • Qian-Qian Feng

    (The School of Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China)

  • Paul McCrone

    (School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, Avery Hill Campus, University of Greenwich, Avery Hill Road, London SE9 2UG, UK)

Abstract

The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on glycaemic control and other metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes is still evolving. Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to examine the effects of COVID-19 lockdown on glycaemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The PRISMA framework was the method used to conduct the systematic review and meta-analysis, and the search strategy was based on the population, intervention, control and outcome (PICO) model. The Health Sciences Research databases was accessed via EBSCO-host, and EMBASE were searched for relevant articles. Searches were conducted from inception of the databases until 17 September 2021. Results: The results identified three distinct areas: glycaemic control, lipid parameters and body mass index. It was found that COVID-19 lockdown led to a significant ( p < 0.01) increase in the levels of glycated haemoglobin (%) compared with pre-COVID group (gp) with a mean difference of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.38). Eleven studies contributed to the data for glycated haemoglobin analysis with a total of 16,895 participants (post-COVID-19 lockdown gp, n = 8417; pre-COVID gp, n = 8478). The meta-analysis of fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) also showed a significant ( p < 0.05) increase in levels of post-COVID-19 lockdown gp compared with pre-COVID gp, with a mean difference of 7.19 (95% CI: 5.28, 9.10). Six studies contributed to fasting plasma glucose analysis involving a total of 2327 participants (post-COVID-19 lockdown, n = 1159; pre-COVID gp, n = 1168). The body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2 ) analysis also demonstrated that post-COVID-19 lockdown gp had a significantly ( p < 0.05) higher BMI than the pre-COVID gp with a mean difference of 1.13 (95% CI: 0.99; 1.28), involving six studies and a total of 2363 participants (post-COVID-19 lockdown gp, n = 1186; pre-COVID gp, n = 1177). There were significantly ( p < 0.05) lower levels of total cholesterol (mmol/L), triglyceride (mmol/L) and LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), and higher levels of HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) in the post-COVID-19 lockdown gp compared with pre-COVID gp, although these results were not consistent following sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis have demonstrated that COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in the levels of glycated haemoglobin, fasting glucose and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes. In contrast, the effect of the lockdown on lipid parameters, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol was not consistent.

Suggested Citation

  • Omorogieva Ojo & Xiao-Hua Wang & Osarhumwese Osaretin Ojo & Edith Orjih & Nivedita Pavithran & Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye & Qian-Qian Feng & Paul McCrone, 2022. "The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Glycaemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1095-:d:728308
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
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