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Ultra-Endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review

Author

Listed:
  • Victoria Tidmas

    (Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK)

  • Jon Brazier

    (Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK)

  • Lindsay Bottoms

    (Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK)

  • Daniel Muniz

    (Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK)

  • Terun Desai

    (Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK)

  • Janine Hawkins

    (Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK)

  • Sivakumar Sridharan

    (Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
    Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts Trust, Stevenage SG1 4AB, UK)

  • Ken Farrington

    (Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
    Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts Trust, Stevenage SG1 4AB, UK)

Abstract

Increasingly popular, ultra-endurance participation exposes athletes to extremely high levels of functional and structural damage. Ultra-endurance athletes commonly develop acute kidney injury (AKI) and other pathologies harmful to kidney health. There is strong evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, common amongst ultra-athletes, is linked to increased risk and severity of AKI and potentially ischaemic renal injury, i.e., acute tubular necrosis. Ultra-endurance participation also increases the risk of exertional rhabdomyolysis, exercise-associated hyponatremia, and gastrointestinal symptoms, interlinked pathologies all with potential to increase the risk of AKI. Hydration and fuelling both also play a role with the development of multiple pathologies and ultimately AKI, highlighting the need for individualised nutritional and hydration plans to promote athlete health. Faster athletes, supplementing nitrates, and being female also increase the risk of developing AKI in this setting. Serum creatinine criteria do not provide the best indicator for AKI for ultra-athletes therefore further investigations are needed to assess the practicality and accuracy of new renal biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). The potential of recurring episodes of AKI provide need for further research to assess the longitudinal renal health impact of ultra-participation to provide appropriate advice to athletes, coaches, medical staff, and event organisers.

Suggested Citation

  • Victoria Tidmas & Jon Brazier & Lindsay Bottoms & Daniel Muniz & Terun Desai & Janine Hawkins & Sivakumar Sridharan & Ken Farrington, 2022. "Ultra-Endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-21, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16887-:d:1004924
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Daniel Rojas-Valverde & Ismael Martínez-Guardado & Braulio Sánchez-Ureña & Rafael Timón & Volker Scheer & José Pino-Ortega & Guillermo Olcina, 2021. "Outpatient Assessment of Mechanical Load, Heat Strain and Dehydration as Causes of Transitional Acute Kidney Injury in Endurance Trail Runners," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Miguel Lecina & Isaac López & Carlos Castellar & Francisco Pradas, 2021. "Extreme Ultra-Trail Race Induces Muscular Damage, Risk for Acute Kidney Injury and Hyponatremia: A Case Report," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-8, October.
    3. Daniel Rojas-Valverde & Braulio Sánchez-Ureña & José Pino-Ortega & Carlos Gómez-Carmona & Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas & Rafael Timón & Guillermo Olcina, 2019. "External Workload Indicators of Muscle and Kidney Mechanical Injury in Endurance Trail Running," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-13, October.
    4. Sen-Kuang Hou & Yu-Hui Chiu & Yi-Fang Tsai & Ling-Chen Tai & Peter C Hou & Chorng-Kuang How & Chen-Chang Yang & Wei-Fong Kao, 2015. "Clinical Impact of Speed Variability to Identify Ultramarathon Runners at Risk for Acute Kidney Injury," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(7), pages 1-11, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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