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External Workload Indicators of Muscle and Kidney Mechanical Injury in Endurance Trail Running

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  • Daniel Rojas-Valverde

    (Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
    Grupo Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain)

  • Braulio Sánchez-Ureña

    (Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica)

  • José Pino-Ortega

    (Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia. San Javier, 30720 Murcia, Spain)

  • Carlos Gómez-Carmona

    (Grupo en Optimización del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (GOERD), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain)

  • Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas

    (Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica)

  • Rafael Timón

    (Grupo Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain)

  • Guillermo Olcina

    (Grupo Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain)

Abstract

Muscle and kidney injury in endurance athletes is worrying for health, and its relationship with physical external workload (eWL) needs to be explored. This study aimed to analyze which eWL indexes have more influence on muscle and kidney injury biomarkers. 20 well-trained trail runners (age = 38.95 ± 9.99 years) ran ~35.27 km (thermal-index = 23.2 ± 1.8 °C, cumulative-ascend = 1815 m) wearing inertial measurement units (IMU) in six different spots (malleolus peroneus [MP left /MP right ], vastus lateralis [VL left /VL right ], lumbar [L 1 –L 3 ], thoracic [T 2 –T 4 ]) for eWL measuring using a special suit. Muscle and kidney injury serum biomarkers (creatin-kinase [sCK], creatinine (sCr), ureic-nitrogen (sBUN), albumin [sALB]) were assessed pre-, -post 0h and post 24h . A principal component (PC) analysis was performed in each IMU spot to extract the main variables that could explain eWL variance. After extraction, PC factors were inputted in multiple regression analysis to explain biomarkers delta change percentage (Δ%). sCK, sCr, sBUN, sALB presented large differences ( p < 0.05) between measurements (pre < post 24h < post 0h ). PC’s explained 77.5–86.5% of total eWL variance. sCK Δ% was predicted in 40 to 47% by L 1 –L 3 and MP left ; sCr Δ% in 27% to 45% by L 1 –L 3 and MP left ; and sBUN Δ% in 38%-40% by MP right and MP left . These findings could lead to a better comprehension of how eWL (impacts, player load and approximated entropy) could predict acute kidney and muscle injury. These findings support the new hypothesis of mechanical kidney injury during trail running based on L 1 –L 3 external workload data.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Rojas-Valverde & Braulio Sánchez-Ureña & José Pino-Ortega & Carlos Gómez-Carmona & Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas & Rafael Timón & Guillermo Olcina, 2019. "External Workload Indicators of Muscle and Kidney Mechanical Injury in Endurance Trail Running," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:20:p:3909-:d:276592
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gregory Roe & Matthew Halkier & Clive Beggs & Kevin Till & Ben Jones, 2016. "The Use of Accelerometers to Quantify Collisions and Running Demands of Rugby Union Match-Play," International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(2), pages 590-601, August.
    2. Sen-Kuang Hou & Yu-Hui Chiu & Yi-Fang Tsai & Ling-Chen Tai & Peter C Hou & Chorng-Kuang How & Chen-Chang Yang & Wei-Fong Kao, 2015. "Clinical Impact of Speed Variability to Identify Ultramarathon Runners at Risk for Acute Kidney Injury," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(7), pages 1-11, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daniel Rojas-Valverde & José Pino-Ortega & Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona & Markel Rico-González, 2020. "A Systematic Review of Methods and Criteria Standard Proposal for the Use of Principal Component Analysis in Team’s Sports Science," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-13, November.
    2. Daniel Rojas-Valverde & Ismael Martínez-Guardado & Braulio Sánchez-Ureña & Rafael Timón & Volker Scheer & José Pino-Ortega & Guillermo Olcina, 2021. "Outpatient Assessment of Mechanical Load, Heat Strain and Dehydration as Causes of Transitional Acute Kidney Injury in Endurance Trail Runners," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-12, September.
    3. Francisco Pradas & David Falcón & Carlos Peñarrubia-Lozano & Víctor Toro-Román & Luis Carrasco & Carlos Castellar, 2021. "Effects of Ultratrail Running on Neuromuscular Function, Muscle Damage and Hydration Status. Differences According to Training Level," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-14, May.
    4. José Pino-Ortega & Daniel Rojas-Valverde & Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona & Markel Rico-González, 2021. "Training Design, Performance Analysis, and Talent Identification—A Systematic Review about the Most Relevant Variables through the Principal Component Analysis in Soccer, Basketball, and Rugby," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-19, March.
    5. Victoria Tidmas & Jon Brazier & Lindsay Bottoms & Daniel Muniz & Terun Desai & Janine Hawkins & Sivakumar Sridharan & Ken Farrington, 2022. "Ultra-Endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-21, December.
    6. Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona & José Pino-Ortega & Braulio Sánchez-Ureña & Sergio J. Ibáñez & Daniel Rojas-Valverde, 2019. "Accelerometry-Based External Load Indicators in Sport: Too Many Options, Same Practical Outcome?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-13, December.
    7. Sérgio Matos & Filipe Manuel Clemente & Rui Silva & José María Cancela Carral, 2020. "Variations of Workload Indices Prior to Injuries: A Study in Trail Runners," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-14, June.
    8. Martin Burtscher & Martin Niedermeier & Hannes Gatterer, 2021. "Editorial on the Special Issue on “Mountain Sports Activities: Injuries and Prevention”," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-7, February.

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    1. Victoria Tidmas & Jon Brazier & Lindsay Bottoms & Daniel Muniz & Terun Desai & Janine Hawkins & Sivakumar Sridharan & Ken Farrington, 2022. "Ultra-Endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-21, December.

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