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Impact of “Three Red Lines” Water Policy (2011) on Water Usage Efficiency, Production Technology Heterogeneity, and Determinant of Water Productivity Change in China

Author

Listed:
  • Wasi Ul Hassan Shah

    (School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China)

  • Yuting Lu

    (School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China)

  • Gang Hao

    (Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)

  • Hong Yan

    (School of Management, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China)

  • Rizwana Yasmeen

    (School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China)

Abstract

This research evaluates the effects of the Three Red Lines policy on water usage efficiency (WUE), production technology heterogeneity, and water productivity change in 31 Chinese provinces between 2006 and 2020. SMB-DEA, Meta-frontier analysis, and Malmquist–Luenberger index (MLI) techniques were employed for estimation. Results revealed that the mean WUE (2006–2020) in all Chinese provinces was 0.52, with an improvement potential of 48%. Shanghai, Beijing, Shaanxi, and Tianjin were the best performers. The WUE scores before (2006–2011) and after (2012–2020) water policy implementation were 0.58 and 0.48, respectively; on average, there was more than a 9% decline in WUE after the implementation of the water policy. The eastern region has the most advanced water utilization technology as its technology gap ratio (TGR) is nearly 1. The average MLI (2006–2020) score was 1.13, suggesting that the MLI has increased by 12.57% over the study period. Further technology change (TC) is the key predictor of MLI growth, whereas efficiency change (EC) diminished from 2006 to 2020. The mean MLI score for 2006–2011 was 1.16, whereas the MLI Score for the period 2012–2020 was 1.10, indicating a modest decline following the implementation of the water policy. All three Chinese regions experienced MLI growth during 2006–2020, with TC the main change factor.

Suggested Citation

  • Wasi Ul Hassan Shah & Yuting Lu & Gang Hao & Hong Yan & Rizwana Yasmeen, 2022. "Impact of “Three Red Lines” Water Policy (2011) on Water Usage Efficiency, Production Technology Heterogeneity, and Determinant of Water Productivity Change in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-23, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16459-:d:997158
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    1. Shah, Wasi Ul Hassan & Hao, Gang & Yasmeen, Rizwana & Yan, Hong & Shen, Jintao & Lu, Yuting, 2023. "Role of China's agricultural water policy reforms and production technology heterogeneity on agriculture water usage efficiency and total factor productivity change," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 287(C).

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