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A Multistate Study on Housing Factors Influential to Heat-Related Illness in the United States

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  • Ming Hu

    (School of Architecture, Planning, Preservation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Kai Zhang

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA)

  • Quynh Camthi Nguyen

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College Park School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA)

  • Tolga Tasdizen

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA)

  • Krupali Uplekar Krusche

    (School of Architecture, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA)

Abstract

As climate change increases the frequency and intensity of devastating and unpredictable extreme heat events, developments to the built environment should consider instigating practices that minimize the likelihood of indoor overheating during hot weather. Heatwaves are the leading cause of death among weather-related causes worldwide, including in developed and developing countries. In this empirical study, a four-step approach was used to collect, extract and analyze data from twenty-seven states in the United States. Three housing characteristic categories (i.e., general housing conditions, living conditions, and housing thermal inertia) and eight variables were extracted from the American Housing Survey database, ResStock database and CDC’s National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network. Multivariable regression models were used to understand the influential variables, a multicollinearity test was used to determine the dependence of those variables, and then a logistic model was used to verify the results. Three variables—housing age (HA), housing crowding ratio (HCR), and roof condition (RC)—were found to be correlated with the risk of heat-related illness (HRI) indexes. Then, a logistic regression model was generated using the three variables to predict the risk of heat-related emergency department visits (EDV) and heat-related mortality (MORD) on a state level. The results indicate that the proposed logistic regression model correctly predicted 100% of the high-risk states for MORD for the eight states tested. Overall, this analysis provides additional evidence about the housing character variables that influence HRI. The outcomes also reinforce the concept of the built environment determined health and demonstrate that the built environment, especially housing, should be considered in techniques for mitigating climate change-exacerbated health conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Ming Hu & Kai Zhang & Quynh Camthi Nguyen & Tolga Tasdizen & Krupali Uplekar Krusche, 2022. "A Multistate Study on Housing Factors Influential to Heat-Related Illness in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:23:p:15762-:d:985311
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hee Jung Ham & Sungsu Lee & Ho-Jeong Kim, 2024. "The Impact of Residential Building Insulation Standards on Indoor Thermal Environments and Heat-Related Illness Risks During Heatwaves: A Case Study in Korea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-31, November.

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