IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i21p14419-d962517.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Moderating Effects of Religious Tourism Activities on Environmental Risk, Leisure Satisfaction, Physical and Mental Health and Well-Being among the Elderly in the Context of COVID-19

Author

Listed:
  • Hsiao-Hsien Lin

    (Department of Leisure Industry Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 41170, Taiwan)

  • Tzu-Yun Lin

    (Department of Sport Information and Communication, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan)

  • Chun-Wei Hsu

    (College of History, Culture and Tourism, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China)

  • Che-Hsiu Chen

    (Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan)

  • Qi-Yuan Li

    (School of Physical Education, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China)

  • Po-Hsuan Wu

    (Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan)

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore whether religious tourism activities can create a safe leisure environment and improve the well-being of the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the participants in the Baishatun Mazu pilgrimage in Taiwan as the subjects of this study. A mixed research method was used. First, statistical software and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Then the respondents’ opinions were collected. Finally, a multivariate analysis method was used to discuss the results of analysis. The findings showed that the elderly respondents thought that the epidemic prevention information and leisure space planning for the pilgrimage made them feel secure. The elderly believed the scenery, religious atmosphere, and commodities en route could reduce the perception of environmental risks to tourists, relieve pressure on the brain, and increase social opportunities. Therefore, the friendlier the leisure environment around the pilgrimage, the greater the leisure satisfaction among the elderly respondents. The happier the elderly felt, the less they considered the concentration of airborne contaminants, including viruses. The better their physical and mental health was, the less likely they were to want to ask for religious goods.

Suggested Citation

  • Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Tzu-Yun Lin & Chun-Wei Hsu & Che-Hsiu Chen & Qi-Yuan Li & Po-Hsuan Wu, 2022. "Moderating Effects of Religious Tourism Activities on Environmental Risk, Leisure Satisfaction, Physical and Mental Health and Well-Being among the Elderly in the Context of COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14419-:d:962517
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14419/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14419/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sarah Dryhurst & Claudia R. Schneider & John Kerr & Alexandra L. J. Freeman & Gabriel Recchia & Anne Marthe van der Bles & David Spiegelhalter & Sander van der Linden, 2020. "Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(7-8), pages 994-1006, August.
    2. Kunho Lee & Goo-Churl Jeong & JongEun Yim, 2020. "Consideration of the Psychological and Mental Health of the Elderly during COVID-19: A Theoretical Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-11, November.
    3. Juliana Jaramillo-Echeverri & Adolfo Meisel-Roca & María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo, 2019. "More than 100 years of improvements in living standards: the case of Colombia," Cliometrica, Springer;Cliometric Society (Association Francaise de Cliométrie), vol. 13(3), pages 323-366, September.
    4. Chin-Hsien Hsu & Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Chun-Chih Wang & Shangwun Jhang, 2020. "How to Defend COVID-19 in Taiwan? Talk about People’s Disease Awareness, Attitudes, Behaviors and the Impact of Physical and Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-23, June.
    5. Pier Luigi Sacco & Guido Ferilli & Giorgio Tavano Blessi, 2018. "From Culture 1.0 to Culture 3.0: Three Socio-Technical Regimes of Social and Economic Value Creation through Culture, and Their Impact on European Cohesion Policies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-23, October.
    6. Russell B. Williams & Natasa Slak-Valek, 2019. "Pokémon GO is serious leisure that increases the touristic engagement, physical activity and sense of happiness of players," Information Technology & Tourism, Springer, vol. 21(4), pages 515-533, December.
    7. Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Ko-Hsin Chang & Chih-Hung Tseng & Yueh-Shiu Lee & Chih-Hsiang Hung, 2021. "Can the Development of Religious and Cultural Tourism Build a Sustainable and Friendly Life and Leisure Environment for the Elderly and Promote Physical and Mental Health?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-17, November.
    8. Jo-Hung Yu & Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Jen-Min Huang & Chien-Hung Wu & Kuan-Chieh Tseng, 2020. "Under Industry 4.0, the Current Status of Development and Trend Sports Industry Combining with Cloud Technology," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2020, pages 1-16, October.
    9. Baez, Javier E., 2011. "Civil wars beyond their borders: The human capital and health consequences of hosting refugees," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(2), pages 391-408, November.
    10. Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Ying Ling & Jao-Chuan Lin & Zhou-Fu Liang, 2021. "Research on the Development of Religious Tourism and the Sustainable Development of Rural Environment and Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-20, March.
    11. Cecilia Reynaud & Sara Miccoli, 2018. "Depopulation and the Aging Population: The Relationship in Italian Municipalities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-12, March.
    12. Aijun Guo & Xiaojiang Ding & Fanglei Zhong & Qingping Cheng & Chunlin Huang, 2019. "Predicting the Future Chinese Population using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, the Sixth National Population Census, and a PDE Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-17, July.
    13. Young-Jae Kim & Seung-Woo Kang, 2021. "Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-12, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jo-Hung Yu & Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Yu-Chih Lo & Kuan-Chieh Tseng & Chin-Hsien Hsu, 2021. "Is the Travel Bubble under COVID-19 a Feasible Idea or Not?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-20, May.
    2. Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Ko-Hsin Chang & Chih-Hung Tseng & Yueh-Shiu Lee & Chih-Hsiang Hung, 2021. "Can the Development of Religious and Cultural Tourism Build a Sustainable and Friendly Life and Leisure Environment for the Elderly and Promote Physical and Mental Health?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Lu Yang & Yong-Zhan Zheng & Hsiao-Hsien Lin & I-Shen Chen & Kuan-Yu Chen & Qi-Yuan Li & I-En Tsai, 2023. "Under the Risk of COVID-19 Epidemic: A Study on the Influence of Life Attitudes, Leisure Sports Values, and Workplace Risk Perceptions on Urban Development and Public Well-Being," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-22, May.
    4. Kuan-Chieh Tseng & Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Jan-Wei Lin & I-Shen Chen & Chin-Hsien Hsu, 2021. "Under the COVID-19 Environment, Will Tourism Decision Making, Environmental Risks, and Epidemic Prevention Attitudes Affect the People’s Firm Belief in Participating in Leisure Tourism Activities?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-20, July.
    5. Hsiao-Hsien Lin & I.-Yun Chen & Chih-Hung Tseng & Yueh-Shiu Lee & Jao-Chuan Lin, 2022. "A Study of the Impact of River Improvement and Greening on Public Reassurance and the Urban Well-Being Index during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-28, March.
    6. Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Chih-Chien Shen & I-Cheng Hsu & Pei-Yi Wu, 2021. "Can Electric Bicycles Enhance Leisure and Tourism Activities and City Happiness?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-27, December.
    7. Chih-Chien Shen & Yi-Han Tseng & Meng-Chun Susan Shen & Hsiao-Hsien Lin, 2021. "Effects of Sports Massage on the Physiological and Mental Health of College Students Participating in a 7-Week Intermittent Exercises Program," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-19, May.
    8. Pan, Jing Yu & Liu, Dahai, 2022. "Mask-wearing intentions on airplanes during COVID-19 – Application of theory of planned behavior model," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 32-44.
    9. Akresh, Richard & Lucchetti, Leonardo & Thirumurthy, Harsha, 2012. "Wars and child health: Evidence from the Eritrean–Ethiopian conflict," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(2), pages 330-340.
    10. Foliano, Francesca & Tonei, Valentina & Sevilla, Almudena, 2024. "Social restrictions, leisure and well-being," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    11. Ali Zackery & Joseph Amankwah-Amoah & Zahra Heidari Darani & Shiva Ghasemi, 2022. "COVID-19 Research in Business and Management: A Review and Future Research Agenda," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-32, August.
    12. Mazen Hassan & Sarah Mansour & Stefan Voigt & May Gadallah, 2022. "When Syria was in Egypt’s land: Egyptians cooperate with Syrians, but less with each other," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 191(3), pages 337-362, June.
    13. Niculaescu, Corina E. & Sangiorgi, Ivan & Bell, Adrian R., 2023. "Does personal experience with COVID-19 impact investment decisions? Evidence from a survey of US retail investors," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    14. Dreher, Axel & Fuchs, Andreas & Langlotz, Sarah, 2019. "The effects of foreign aid on refugee flows," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 127-147.
    15. Garaus, Marion & Hudáková, Melánia, 2022. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourists’ air travel intentions: The role of perceived health risk and trust in the airline," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    16. Assaad, Ragui & Ginn, Thomas & Saleh, Mohamed, 2023. "Refugees and the education of host populations: Evidence from the Syrian inflow to Jordan," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    17. Nsababera, Olive, 2020. "Refugee camps – A lasting legacy? Evidence on long-term health impact," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    18. Enzo Cumbo & Giuseppe Gallina & Pietro Messina & Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina, 2023. "Filter Masks during the Second Phase of SARS-CoV-2: Study on Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-7, January.
    19. Jean-François Maystadt & Philip Verwimp, 2014. "Winners and Losers among a Refugee-Hosting Population," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 62(4), pages 769-809.
    20. Chunhao Wei & Han Chen & Yee Ming Lee, 2022. "COVID-19 preventive measures and restaurant customers’ intention to dine out: the role of brand trust and perceived risk," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 16(3), pages 581-600, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14419-:d:962517. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.