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Factors Associated with Housing Damage Caused by an EF4 Tornado in Rural Areas of Funing, China

Author

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  • Peng Qiao

    (School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China)

  • Wei Chen

    (School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China)

  • Jun Zhao

    (Jiangsu Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute, Nanjing 210019, China)

  • Jingyi Gao

    (Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan)

  • Guofang Zhai

    (School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China)

Abstract

Rural areas are vulnerable to natural disasters and tend to suffer severe losses. An EF4 tornado occurred in Funing on 23 June 2016, killing 99 people, injuring at least 846 people, and destroying more than 2000 houses. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, this study explored the influencing factors between housing damage and variables of building conditions, tornado intensity, and village environmental factors. The results show that 2-story houses and masonry houses were more likely to be slightly damaged or be in a dangerous state. Furthermore, the building area was positively related to houses in two categories: slight damage (SD) and dangerous and requiring immediate repair (DR), indicating that the larger or taller the house, the more severe the damage. In terms of tornado intensity, houses classified as SD were more likely to be hit by EF4 tornados than by EF3 tornados, and houses were damaged more by EF1 or EF2 tornados. This finding demonstrates that the level of housing damage was not strongly correlated with the tornado intensity. Slightly damaged houses exhibited the highest correlation with environmental factors. The proportion of slightly damaged houses was positively correlated with the water area in the village, unlike the proportion of houses in the DR and unable to be repaired (UR) categories. Moreover, the larger the water area of a village, the less housing damage it suffered. These findings provide new insights into minimizing housing damage in wind disasters to improve disaster prevention planning in rural areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Peng Qiao & Wei Chen & Jun Zhao & Jingyi Gao & Guofang Zhai, 2022. "Factors Associated with Housing Damage Caused by an EF4 Tornado in Rural Areas of Funing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-16, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14237-:d:958828
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dakshina Silva & Jamie Kruse & Yongsheng Wang, 2008. "Spatial dependencies in wind-related housing damage," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 47(3), pages 317-330, December.
    2. Joseph T. Ripberger & Hank C. Jenkins‐Smith & Carol L. Silva & Jeffrey Czajkowski & Howard Kunreuther & Kevin M. Simmons, 2018. "Tornado Damage Mitigation: Homeowner Support for Enhanced Building Codes in Oklahoma," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 38(11), pages 2300-2317, November.
    3. Qingshan Yang & Rong Gao & Fan Bai & Tian Li & Yukio Tamura, 2018. "Damage to buildings and structures due to recent devastating wind hazards in East Asia," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 92(3), pages 1321-1353, July.
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