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Spatiotemporal Variation in Actual Evapotranspiration and the Influencing Factors in Ningxia from 2001 to 2020

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  • Huihui Liu

    (College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China
    Institute of Natural Resources Survey of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750002, China)

  • Dongdong Song

    (School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China)

  • Jinling Kong

    (College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Zengguang Mu

    (Natural Resources Information Center of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750002, China)

  • Qiutong Zhang

    (College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

  • Xixuan Wang

    (College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China)

Abstract

Surface evapotranspiration (ET) is an important part of the hydrological cycle. Based on the MOD16 ET product and the data collected by meteorological stations, this study investigated, for the first time, the characteristics, variation trend and influencing factors of actual ET in Ningxia from 2001 to 2020 along temporal and spatial scales using the Theil–Sen median trend analysis, Mann–Kendall test and Hurst index, and predicted the future trend of ET. The results revealed a strong correlation between the MOD16 ET product and ET data collected at meteorological stations (r = 0.837, R 2 = 0.701). Over the past 20 years, the annual ET in Ningxia showed an overall increasing trend, and the proportion of the increasing area was 96.58%. Quarterly ET varied over time, with the highest value in the third quarter and the lowest value in the second quarter. Annual ET showed a positive correlation with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), surface temperature and precipitation but no correlation with relative humidity. Additionally, the Hurst index revealed areas showing a persistent increase in ET, accounting for 84.91% of the total area, indicating that the future trend of ET in Ningxia is consistent with the past trend.

Suggested Citation

  • Huihui Liu & Dongdong Song & Jinling Kong & Zengguang Mu & Qiutong Zhang & Xixuan Wang, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Variation in Actual Evapotranspiration and the Influencing Factors in Ningxia from 2001 to 2020," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-18, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12693-:d:933185
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paredes, Paula & Trigo, Isabel & de Bruin, Henk & Simões, Nuno & Pereira, Luis S., 2021. "Daily grass reference evapotranspiration with Meteosat Second Generation shortwave radiation and reference ET products," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    2. Xiuwei Xing & Jing Qian & Xi Chen & Chaoliang Chen & Jiayu Sun & Shujie Wei & Duman Yimamaidi & Zhahan Zhanar, 2022. "Analysis of Effects of Recent Changes in Hydrothermal Conditions on Vegetation in Central Asia," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-27, February.
    3. Cheng, Minghan & Jiao, Xiyun & Jin, Xiuliang & Li, Binbin & Liu, Kaihua & Shi, Lei, 2021. "Satellite time series data reveal interannual and seasonal spatiotemporal evapotranspiration patterns in China in response to effect factors," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
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