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Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Daoud Butt

    (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia)

  • Siew Chin Ong

    (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Umar Wahab

    (Consultant Diabetologist, Umar Diabetes and Foot Care Centre, Umar Diabetes Foundation, Office 1, Executive Complex, G8 Markaz, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Fawad Rasool

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Fahad Saleem

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan)

  • Adnan Hashmi

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Ahsan Sajjad

    (Consultant Diabetologist, Umar Diabetes and Foot Care Centre, Umar Diabetes Foundation, Office 1, Executive Complex, G8 Markaz, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
    Ibn Sina Community Clinic South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, TX 77099, USA)

  • Furqan Aslam Chaudhry

    (Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar

    (Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK)

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is a major chronic illness that negatively influences individuals and society. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze and evaluate the cost associated with diabetes management, specific to the Pakistani Type 2 diabetes population. Research scheme and methods: A survey randomly collected information and data from diabetes patients throughout Pakistan out-patient clinics. Direct and indirect costs were evaluated, and data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: An overall of 1839 diabetes patients participated in the study. The results have shown that direct and indirect costs are positively associated with the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, except for household income and educational status. The annual total cost of diabetes care was USD 740.1, amongst which the share of the direct cost was USD 646.7, and the indirect cost was USD 93.65. Most direct costs comprised medicine (USD 274.5) and hospitalization (USD 319.7). In contrast, the productivity loss of the patients had the highest contribution to the indirect cost (USD 81.36). Conclusion: This study showed that direct costs significantly contributed to diabetes’s overall cost in Pakistan and overall diabetes management estimated to be 1.67% (USD 24.42 billion) of the country’s total gross domestic product. The expense of medications and hospitalization mostly drove the direct cost. Additionally, patients’ loss of productivity contributed significantly to the indirect cost. It is high time for healthcare policymakers to address this huge healthcare burden. It is time to develop a thorough diabetes management plan to be implemented nationwide.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Daoud Butt & Siew Chin Ong & Muhammad Umar Wahab & Muhammad Fawad Rasool & Fahad Saleem & Adnan Hashmi & Ahsan Sajjad & Furqan Aslam Chaudhry & Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, 2022. "Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-15, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12611-:d:932151
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