IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i19p12611-d932151.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Daoud Butt

    (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia)

  • Siew Chin Ong

    (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Umar Wahab

    (Consultant Diabetologist, Umar Diabetes and Foot Care Centre, Umar Diabetes Foundation, Office 1, Executive Complex, G8 Markaz, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Fawad Rasool

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Fahad Saleem

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan)

  • Adnan Hashmi

    (Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Ahsan Sajjad

    (Consultant Diabetologist, Umar Diabetes and Foot Care Centre, Umar Diabetes Foundation, Office 1, Executive Complex, G8 Markaz, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
    Ibn Sina Community Clinic South Wilcrest Drive, Houston, TX 77099, USA)

  • Furqan Aslam Chaudhry

    (Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar

    (Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK)

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is a major chronic illness that negatively influences individuals and society. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze and evaluate the cost associated with diabetes management, specific to the Pakistani Type 2 diabetes population. Research scheme and methods: A survey randomly collected information and data from diabetes patients throughout Pakistan out-patient clinics. Direct and indirect costs were evaluated, and data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: An overall of 1839 diabetes patients participated in the study. The results have shown that direct and indirect costs are positively associated with the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, except for household income and educational status. The annual total cost of diabetes care was USD 740.1, amongst which the share of the direct cost was USD 646.7, and the indirect cost was USD 93.65. Most direct costs comprised medicine (USD 274.5) and hospitalization (USD 319.7). In contrast, the productivity loss of the patients had the highest contribution to the indirect cost (USD 81.36). Conclusion: This study showed that direct costs significantly contributed to diabetes’s overall cost in Pakistan and overall diabetes management estimated to be 1.67% (USD 24.42 billion) of the country’s total gross domestic product. The expense of medications and hospitalization mostly drove the direct cost. Additionally, patients’ loss of productivity contributed significantly to the indirect cost. It is high time for healthcare policymakers to address this huge healthcare burden. It is time to develop a thorough diabetes management plan to be implemented nationwide.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Daoud Butt & Siew Chin Ong & Muhammad Umar Wahab & Muhammad Fawad Rasool & Fahad Saleem & Adnan Hashmi & Ahsan Sajjad & Furqan Aslam Chaudhry & Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, 2022. "Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-15, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12611-:d:932151
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/12611/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/12611/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Robinson Oyando & Martin Njoroge & Peter Nguhiu & Antipa Sigilai & Fredrick Kirui & Jane Mbui & Zipporah Bukania & Andrew Obala & Kenneth Munge & Anthony Etyang & Edwine Barasa, 2020. "Patient costs of diabetes mellitus care in public health care facilities in Kenya," International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(1), pages 290-308, January.
    2. TM Tonmoy Islam & David Newhouse & Monica Yanez-Pagans, 2021. "International Comparisons of Poverty in South Asia," Asian Development Review, MIT Press, vol. 38(1), pages 142-175, March.
    3. Mehdi Javanbakht & Hamid R Baradaran & Atefeh Mashayekhi & Ali Akbar Haghdoost & Mohammad E Khamseh & Erfan Kharazmi & Aboozar Sadeghi, 2011. "Cost-of-Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(10), pages 1-7, October.
    4. Joanna Leśniowska & Agata Schubert & Michał Wojna & Iwona Skrzekowska-Baran & Marta Fedyna, 2014. "Costs of diabetes and its complications in Poland," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 15(6), pages 653-660, July.
    5. Till Seuring & Olga Archangelidi & Marc Suhrcke, 2015. "The Economic Costs of Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Systematic Review," PharmacoEconomics, Springer, vol. 33(8), pages 811-831, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Valentin Brodszky & Zsuzsanna Beretzky & Petra Baji & Fanni Rencz & Márta Péntek & Alexandru Rotar & Konstantin Tachkov & Susanne Mayer & Judit Simon & Maciej Niewada & Rok Hren & László Gulácsi, 2019. "Cost-of-illness studies in nine Central and Eastern European countries," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(1), pages 155-172, June.
    2. Manzoor Hussain Memon, 2023. "Poverty, Gap and Severity Estimates for Disaster Prone Rural Areas of Pakistan," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 166(3), pages 645-663, April.
    3. Clara Bermudez-Tamayo & Stéphane Besançon & Mira Johri & Sidibe Assa & Jonathan Betz Brown & Kaushik Ramaiya, 2017. "Direct and indirect costs of diabetes mellitus in Mali: A case-control study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(5), pages 1-14, May.
    4. Haruhisa Fukuda & Shunya Ikeda & Takeru Shiroiwa & Takashi Fukuda, 2016. "The Effects of Diagnostic Definitions in Claims Data on Healthcare Cost Estimates: Evidence from a Large-Scale Panel Data Analysis of Diabetes Care in Japan," PharmacoEconomics, Springer, vol. 34(10), pages 1005-1014, October.
    5. Seuring, Till & Serneels, Pieter & Suhrcke, Marc & Bachmann, Max, 2020. "Diabetes, employment and behavioural risk factors in China: Marginal structural models versus fixed effects models," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 39(C).
    6. Lan Gao & Hao Hu & Fei-Li Zhao & Shu-Chuen Li, 2016. "Can the Direct Medical Cost of Chronic Disease Be Transferred across Different Countries? Using Cost-of-Illness Studies on Type 2 Diabetes, Epilepsy and Schizophrenia as Examples," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, January.
    7. Elina Jussila & Kaisa Kotakorpi & Jouko Verho, 2022. "Prescription Behavior of Physicians in the Public and Private Sector," CESifo Working Paper Series 10186, CESifo.
    8. David Cuesta-Frau & Daniel Novák & Vacláv Burda & Daniel Abasolo & Tricia Adjei & Manuel Varela & Borja Vargas & Milos Mraz & Petra Kavalkova & Marek Benes & Martin Haluzik, 2019. "Influence of Duodenal–Jejunal Implantation on Glucose Dynamics: A Pilot Study Using Different Nonlinear Methods," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2019, pages 1-10, February.
    9. Rättö, Hanna & Kurko, Terhi & Martikainen, Jaana E. & Aaltonen, Katri, 2021. "The impact of a co-payment increase on the consumption of type 2 antidiabetics – A nationwide interrupted time series analysis," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(9), pages 1166-1172.
    10. Clémence Bussière & Nicolas Sirven & Thomas Rapp & Christine Sevilla‐Dedieu, 2020. "Adherence to medical follow‐up recommendations reduces hospital admissions: Evidence from diabetic patients in France," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(4), pages 508-522, April.
    11. Gourzoulidis, George & Kourlaba, Georgia & Stafylas, Panagiotis & Giamouzis, Gregory & Parissis, John & Maniadakis, Nikolaos, 2017. "Association between copayment, medication adherence and outcomes in the management of patients with diabetes and heart failure," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(4), pages 363-377.
    12. François-Olivier Baudot & Anne-Sophie Aguadé & Thomas Barnay & Christelle Gastaldi-Ménager & Anne Fagot-Campagna, 2019. "Impact of type 2 diabetes on health expenditure: estimation based on individual administrative data," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 20(5), pages 657-668, July.
    13. Tien Thanh, Pham & Bao Duong, Pham, 2022. "The economic burden of non-communicable diseases on households and their coping mechanisms: Evidence from rural Vietnam," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    14. Isabelle Chort & Olivier Dagnelie, 2022. "Worms or sugar? Mass deworming treatment doubles the probability to suffer from diabetes ten to fifteen years later," Working papers of Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales (TREE) hal-03887621, HAL.
    15. Seuring, Till & Serneels, Pieter & Suhrcke, Marc, 2019. "The impact of diabetes on labour market outcomes in Mexico: A panel data and biomarker analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 233(C), pages 252-261.
    16. Luz María Peña-Longobardo & Isaac Aranda-Reneo & Juan Oliva-Moreno & Svenja Litzkendorf & Isabelle Durand-Zaleski & Eduardo Tizzano & Julio López-Bastida, 2020. "The Economic Impact and Health-Related Quality of Life of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. An Analysis across Europe," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-12, August.
    17. Mehdi Javanbakht & Atefeh Mashayekhi & Hamid R Baradaran & AliAkbar Haghdoost & Ashkan Afshin, 2015. "Projection of Diabetes Population Size and Associated Economic Burden through 2030 in Iran: Evidence from Micro-Simulation Markov Model and Bayesian Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(7), pages 1-17, July.
    18. Charmaine Shuyu Ng & Matthias Paul Han Sim Toh & Yu Ko & Joyce Yu-Chia Lee, 2015. "Direct Medical Cost of Type 2 Diabetes in Singapore," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(3), pages 1-11, March.
    19. Michael Ekholuenetale & Anthony Ike Wegbom & Clement Kevin Edet & Charity Ehimwenma Joshua & Amadou Barrow & Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, 2023. "Impact of Chronic Diseases on Labour Force Participation among South African Women: Further Analysis of Population-Based Data," World, MDPI, vol. 4(1), pages 1-12, February.
    20. Jorge Elgart & Santiago Asteazarán & Jorge De La Fuente & Cecilia Camillucci & Jonathan Brown & Juan Gagliardino, 2014. "Direct and indirect costs associated to type 2 diabetes and its complications measured in a social security institution of Argentina," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 59(5), pages 851-857, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12611-:d:932151. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.