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Learning Multiple Movements in Parallel—Accurately and in Random Order, or Each with Added Noise?

Author

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  • Julius B. Apidogo

    (Akanten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi AK-039, Ghana
    Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany)

  • Johannes Burdack

    (Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany)

  • Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn

    (Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany)

Abstract

Traditionally, studies on learning have mainly focused on the acquisition and stabilization of only single movement tasks. In everyday life and in sports, however, several new skills often must be learned in parallel. The extent to which the similarity of the movements or the order in which they are learned influences success has only recently begun to attract increased interest. This study aimed to compare the effects of CI in random practice order (high CI) with differential learning (DL) in learning three volleyball skills in parallel. Thirty-two advanced beginners in volleyball (mean age = 24, SD = 2.7) voluntarily participated in the study. Within a pre-, post-, retention test design, an intervention of six weeks and one week retention phase, the effects of three practice protocols of a CI, DL, and control (CO) group were compared. Three different volleyball skills (underhand pass, overhand pass, and overhand serve) were trained with emphasis on accuracy. Results showed statistically significant higher rates of improvement in the acquisition and learning phases for the DL group compared to the CI and CO groups. The differences were associated with moderate to high effect sizes in all individual skills and in the combined skills. The findings show more agreement with DL than with CI theory.

Suggested Citation

  • Julius B. Apidogo & Johannes Burdack & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn, 2022. "Learning Multiple Movements in Parallel—Accurately and in Random Order, or Each with Added Noise?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:17:p:10960-:d:904870
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sara Oftadeh & Abbas Bahram & Rasoul Yaali & Farhad Ghadiri & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn, 2021. "External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Julius B. Apidogo & Johannes Burdack & Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn, 2021. "Repetition without Repetition or Differential Learning of Multiple Techniques in Volleyball?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-17, October.
    3. Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn & Nikolas Rizzi & Agnė Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė & Nuno Leite, 2022. "Always Pay Attention to Which Model of Motor Learning You Are Using," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-36, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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