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Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life among Online Responders in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study Covering Four Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

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  • Mateusz Babicki

    (Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Bogna Bogudzińska

    (Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Krzysztof Kowalski

    (Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas

    (Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland)

Abstract

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the mental health of the population. This study aims to assess the prevalence of subjective depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as assess the quality of life in different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic based on an online survey. Methods: The study was conducted based on an original and anonymous questionnaire, consisting of a section assessing sociodemographic status and psychometric tools: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) and Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). A total of 6739 people participated in the survey, with the largest number from the first wave of the pandemic (2467—36.6%), followed by 1627 (24.1%) for the second wave, 1696 (25.2%) for wave three and 949 (14.1%) for wave four. The mean age of the study group was 28.19 ± 9.94. Results: There was an initial, gradual increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms over the three waves. There were no significant differences in the quality-of-life scores, except for the second and third waves (−0.0846; p = 0.013. It was found that women, residents of big cities and people with psychiatric history showed higher BDI and GAD-7 scores. Conclusions: The impact of the pandemic on mental health was not homogeneous, with the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic having more of an impact compared to the fourth wave. Female respondents’ sex, history of mental disease and reduced earning capacity exacerbated psychiatric symptoms.

Suggested Citation

  • Mateusz Babicki & Bogna Bogudzińska & Krzysztof Kowalski & Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas, 2022. "Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life among Online Responders in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study Covering Four Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-16, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:9934-:d:885967
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. S. Priebe & P. Huxley & S. Knight & S. Evans, 1999. "Application and Results of the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (Mansa)," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 45(1), pages 7-12, March.
    2. Peter G van der Velden & Philip Hyland & Carlo Contino & Hans-Martin von Gaudecker & Ruud Muffels & Marcel Das, 2021. "Anxiety and depression symptoms, the recovery from symptoms, and loneliness before and after the COVID-19 outbreak among the general population: Findings from a Dutch population-based longitudinal stu," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, January.
    3. Katarzyna Sekścińska & Agata Trzcińska & Daniel Pankowski & Ewa Pisula & Kinga Wytrychiewicz-Pankowska, 2022. "Financial Factors and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, February.
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    1. Violeta Briciu & Daniel-Corneliu Leucuta & Gyöngyvér Erika Tőkés & Doina Colcear, 2023. "Burnout, Depression, and Job Stress Factors in Healthcare Workers of a Romanian COVID-19 Dedicated Hospital, after Two Pandemic Years," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-18, February.

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