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Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study

Author

Listed:
  • Robert Nowak

    (Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Konrad Rój

    (Student of ”Sports Diagnostics”, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 40b Piastów Al., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Andrzej Ciechanowicz

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Klaudyna Lewandowska

    (Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak

    (Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland
    Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

Sport diagnostics is still in pursuit of the optimal combination of biochemical and hematological markers to assess training loads and the effectiveness of recovery. The biochemical and hematological markers selected for a panel should be specific to the sport and training program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of selected biochemical and hematological variables in professional long-distance and sprint swimming. Twenty-seven participants aged 15–18 years took part in the study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine (Cr), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and iron concentrations were measured for 10 weeks and compared with the traditional sport diagnostic markers of creatine kinase (CK) activity and urea (U) concentration. Additionally, capillary blood morphology was analyzed. An effective panel should consist of measurements of CK and AST activities and urea, TB, DB and ferritin concentrations. These markers provide a good overview of athletes’ post-training effort changes, can help assess the effectiveness of their recovery regardless of sex or competitive distance and are affordable. Moreover, changes in ferritin concentration can indicate inflammation status and, when combined with iron concentration and blood morphology, can help to avoid iron deficiencies, anemia and adverse inflammatory states in swimmers.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert Nowak & Konrad Rój & Andrzej Ciechanowicz & Klaudyna Lewandowska & Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak, 2022. "Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-23, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:14:p:8580-:d:862435
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Anna Nowakowska & Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak & Rafał Buryta & Robert Nowak, 2019. "Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-28, September.
    2. Diego Marqués-Jiménez & Julio Calleja-González & Iñaki Arratibel & Anne Delextrat & Nicolás Terrados, 2017. "Fatigue and Recovery in Soccer: Evidence and Challenges," The Open Sports Sciences Journal, Bentham Open, vol. 10(1), pages 52-70, April.
    3. Sofiene Amara & Emmet Crowley & Senda Sammoud & Yassine Negra & Raouf Hammami & Oussema Gaied Chortane & Riadh Khalifa & Sabri Gaied Chortane & Roland van den Tillaar, 2021. "What Is the Optimal Strength Training Load to Improve Swimming Performance? A Randomized Trial of Male Competitive Swimmers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-10, November.
    4. Sofiene Amara & Oussama Gaied Chortane & Yassine Negra & Raouf Hammami & Riadh Khalifa & Sabri Gaied Chortane & Roland van den Tillaar, 2021. "Relationship between Swimming Performance, Biomechanical Variables and the Calculated Predicted 1-RM Push-up in Competitive Swimmers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-10, October.
    5. Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak & Anna Nowakowska & Teresa Zwierko & Maciej Rybak & Robert Nowak, 2020. "The Influence of a Health-Related Fitness Training Program on Motor Performance as Well as Hematological and Biochemical Parameters," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-14, January.
    6. Sofiene Amara & Tiago M. Barbosa & Yassine Negra & Raouf Hammami & Riadh Khalifa & Sabri Gaied Chortane, 2021. "The Effect of Concurrent Resistance Training on Upper Body Strength, Sprint Swimming Performance and Kinematics in Competitive Adolescent Swimmers. A Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-13, September.
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