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Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players

Author

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  • Anna Nowakowska

    (Centre for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak

    (Centre for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Rafał Buryta

    (Centre for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Robert Nowak

    (Centre for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

Physical exercise strongly affects human metabolism and causes biochemical changes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between routine plasma biomarker levels and recovery efficiency in soccer players during an entire competitive match season. The players participating in the study were divided into a midfielder/defender group (seven midfielders and seven defenders) and a goalie/substitute group (six persons—goalkeepers and players with a short cumulative match-time). The fasting capillary blood samples were taken 17–24 h after each competitive match. The blood plasma was used to determine the creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, iron and magnesium levels of the athletes. The levels of (AST) (aspartate aminotransferase), (ALT) (alanine aminotransferase) and (Cr) creatinine were higher in the midfielder/defender group than in the control group, but only AST and Cr significantly varied over time (AST decreased, and Cr increased with time). The (LDH) (lactate dehydrogenase) activity and urea level were significantly lower in the midfielder/defender group than in the goalie/substitute group, and it significantly varied over time (LDH decreased, and urea increased with time). No differences in the (CK) creatine kinase and (ALP) alkaline phosphatase activities between the groups was found, although CK increased significantly with time in the midfielder/defender group (particularly midfielders in the spring round). In midfielders, the AST activity and the iron level were significantly lower in the spring than in the autumn round. On the contrary, ALT, CK, urea and magnesium levels were significantly higher in the spring than in autumn round. A long-term measurement of biochemical parameters in elite soccer players indicated that AST, CK, LDH and creatinine levels, when analyzed together, could constitute a useful set of markers for monitoring recovery periods.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna Nowakowska & Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak & Rafał Buryta & Robert Nowak, 2019. "Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-28, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:18:p:3279-:d:264893
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Diego Marqués-Jiménez & Julio Calleja-González & Iñaki Arratibel & Anne Delextrat & Nicolás Terrados, 2017. "Fatigue and Recovery in Soccer: Evidence and Challenges," The Open Sports Sciences Journal, Bentham Open, vol. 10(1), pages 52-70, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Łukasz Radzimiński & Zbigniew Jastrzębski & Guillermo F. López-Sánchez & Andrzej Szwarc & Henryk Duda & Aleksander Stuła & Jacek Paszulewicz & Paul Dragos, 2020. "Relationships between Training Loads and Selected Blood Parameters in Professional Soccer Players during a 12-Day Sports Camp," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-10, November.
    2. Victor Machado Reis, 2020. "Effects of Exercise on Biomarkers in Health and Disease: Some New Insights with Special Focus on Extreme Exercise and Healthy Ageing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-5, March.
    3. Diana García-Cardona & Patricia Landázuri & Oscar Sánchez-Muñoz, 2021. "Effect of a Shock Micro-Cycle on Biochemical Markers in University Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-12, March.
    4. Álvaro García-Romero-Pérez & Francisco Javier Ordonez & Fernando Reyes-Gil & Elena Sonsoles Rodríguez-López & Ángel Oliva-Pascual-Vaca, 2021. "Muscle Damage Biomarkers in Congestion Weeks in English Premier League Soccer Players: A Prospective Study for Two Consecutive Seasons," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-12, July.
    5. Robert Nowak & Konrad Rój & Andrzej Ciechanowicz & Klaudyna Lewandowska & Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak, 2022. "Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-23, July.
    6. Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak & Anna Nowakowska & Teresa Zwierko & Maciej Rybak & Robert Nowak, 2020. "The Influence of a Health-Related Fitness Training Program on Motor Performance as Well as Hematological and Biochemical Parameters," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-14, January.

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