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Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater of Hainan Island Using the Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled with the APCS/MLR Model

Author

Listed:
  • Huanhuan Shi

    (School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
    School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Min Zeng

    (Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan 430205, China)

  • Hongxia Peng

    (School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Changsheng Huang

    (Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan 430205, China)

  • Huimin Sun

    (School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Qingqin Hou

    (School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China)

  • Pengcheng Pi

    (School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China)

Abstract

Groundwater is a significant component of water resources, but drinking groundwater with excessive heavy metals (HMs) is harmful to human health. Currently, quantitative source apportionment and probabilistic health risk assessment of HMs in groundwater are relatively limited. In this study, 60 groundwater samples containing seven HMs were collected from Hainan Island and analyzed by the coupled absolute principal component scores/multiple linear regression (APCS/MLR), the health risk assessment (HRA) and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to quantify the pollution sources of HMs and the health risks. The results show that the high-pollution-value areas of HMs are mainly located in the industry-oriented western region, but the pollution level by HMs in the groundwater in the study area is generally low. The main sources of HMs in the groundwater are found to be the mixed sources of agricultural activities and traffic emissions (39.16%), industrial activities (25.57%) and natural sources (35.27%). Although the non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children are negligible, the carcinogenic risks are at a high level. Through analyzing the relationship between HMs, pollution sources, and health risks, natural sources contribute the most to the health risks, and Cr is determined as the priority control HM. This study emphasizes the importance of quantitative evaluation of the HM pollution sources and probabilistic health risk assessment, which provides an essential basis for water pollution prevention and control in Hainan Island.

Suggested Citation

  • Huanhuan Shi & Min Zeng & Hongxia Peng & Changsheng Huang & Huimin Sun & Qingqin Hou & Pengcheng Pi, 2022. "Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater of Hainan Island Using the Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled with the APCS/MLR Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:13:p:7827-:d:848109
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Junaid Ghani & Javed Nawab & Zahid Ullah & Naseem Rafiq & Shah Zaib Hasan & Sardar Khan & Muddaser Shah & Mikhlid H. Almutairi, 2023. "Multivariate Statistical Methods and GIS-Based Evaluation of Potable Water in Urban Children’s Parks Due to Potentially Toxic Elements Contamination: A Children’s Health Risk Assessment Study in a Dev," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-20, September.

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