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Examining Anxiety, Sleep Quality, and Physical Activity as Predictors of Depression among University Students from Saudi Arabia during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Tahani K. Alshammari

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Aljawharah M. Alkhodair

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hanan A. Alhebshi

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Aleksandra M. Rogowska

    (Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland)

  • Awatif B. Albaker

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Nouf T. AL-Damri

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Anfal F. Bin Dayel

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Asma S. Alonazi

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Nouf M. Alrasheed

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

  • Musaad A. Alshammari

    (Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Conducted during the second wave of the pandemic, this cross-sectional study examined the link between sleep quality, physical activity, exposure, and the impact of COVID-19 as predictors of mental health in Saudi undergraduate students. A convenience sample of 207 participants were recruited, 89% of whom were females and 94% were single. The measures included questionnaires on the level of exposure and the perceived impact of COVID-19, a physical activity measure, GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PSQI. The results indicated that approximately 43% of participants exhibited moderate anxiety, and 50% were at risk of depression. Overall, 63.93% of students exposed to strict quarantine for at least 14 days ( n = 39) exhibited a high risk of developing depression (χ 2 (1) = 6.49, p < 0.05, ϕ = 0.18). A higher risk of depression was also found in students whose loved ones lost their jobs (χ 2 (1) = 4.24, p < 0.05, ϕ = 0.14). Moreover, there was also a strong association between depression and anxiety (β = 0.33, p < 0.01), sleep quality (β = 0.32, p < 0.01), and the perceived negative impact of COVID-19 on socio-economic status (β = 0.26, p < 0.05), explaining 66.67% of depression variance. Our study highlights the socio-economic impact of this pandemic and the overwhelming prevalence of depression.

Suggested Citation

  • Tahani K. Alshammari & Aljawharah M. Alkhodair & Hanan A. Alhebshi & Aleksandra M. Rogowska & Awatif B. Albaker & Nouf T. AL-Damri & Anfal F. Bin Dayel & Asma S. Alonazi & Nouf M. Alrasheed & Musaad A, 2022. "Examining Anxiety, Sleep Quality, and Physical Activity as Predictors of Depression among University Students from Saudi Arabia during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:10:p:6262-:d:820664
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