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A Non-Linear Biostatistical Graphical Modeling of Preventive Actions and Healthcare Factors in Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic

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  • Faruq Abdulla

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
    Research, Training and Management (RTM) International, Mirpur, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh)

  • Zulkar Nain

    (Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Karimuzzaman

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Moyazzem Hossain

    (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
    School of Mathematics, Statistics & Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK)

  • Azizur Rahman

    (School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia)

Abstract

Background: With the insurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people died in the past several months, and the situation is ongoing with increasing health, social, and economic panic and vulnerability. As most of the countries relying on different preventive actions to control the outcomes of COVID-19, it is necessary to boost the knowledge about the effectiveness of such actions so that the policymakers take their country-based appropriate actions. This study generates evidence of taking the most impactful actions to combat COVID-19. Objective: In order to generate community-based scientific evidence, this study analyzed the outcome of COVID-19 in response to different control measures, healthcare facilities, life expectancy, and prevalent diseases. Methods: It used more than a hundred countries’ data collected from different databases. We performed a comparative graphical analysis with non-linear correlation estimation using R. Results: The reduction of COVID-19 cases is strongly correlated with the earliness of preventive initiation. The apathy of taking nationwide immediate precaution measures has been identified as one of the critical reasons to make the circumstances worse. There is significant non-linear relationship between COVID-19 case fatality and number of physicians (NCC = 0.22; p -value ≤ 0.001), nurses and midwives (NCC = 0.17; p -value ≤ 0.001), hospital beds (NCC = 0.20; p -value ≤ 0.001), life expectancy of both sexes (NCC = 0.22; p -value ≤ 0.001), life expectancy of female (NCC = 0.27; p -value ≤ 0.001), and life expectancy of male (NCC = 0.19; p -value ≤ 0.001). COVID-19 deaths were found to be reduced with increased medical personnel and hospital beds. Interestingly, no association between the comorbidities and severity of COVID-19 was found excluding asthma, cancer, Alzheimer’s, and smoking. Conclusions: Enhancing healthcare facilities and early imposing the control measures could be valuable to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic. No association between COVID-19 and other comorbidities warranted further investigation at the pathobiological level.

Suggested Citation

  • Faruq Abdulla & Zulkar Nain & Md. Karimuzzaman & Md. Moyazzem Hossain & Azizur Rahman, 2021. "A Non-Linear Biostatistical Graphical Modeling of Preventive Actions and Healthcare Factors in Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:9:p:4491-:d:542107
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Leogrande, Angelo & Costantiello, Alberto & Leogrande, Domenico & Anobile, Fabio, 2023. "Beds in Health Facilities in the Italian Regions: A Socio-Economic Approach," MPRA Paper 118635, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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