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“There Is a Lot of Practice in Not Thinking about That”: Structural, Interpersonal, and Individual-Level Barriers to HIV/STI Prevention among Reservation Based American Indians

Author

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  • Richard F Armenta

    (Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92078, USA)

  • Daniel Kellogg

    (School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA)

  • Jessica L Montoya

    (Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA)

  • Rick Romero

    (Southern California Tribal Health Center, San Diego, CA 92539, USA)

  • Shandiin Armao

    (Southern California Tribal Health Center, San Diego, CA 92539, USA)

  • Daniel Calac

    (Southern California Tribal Health Center, San Diego, CA 92539, USA)

  • Tommi L Gaines

    (Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA)

Abstract

American Indians (AI) face significant disparities in HIV/STI morbidity and mortality, and historical, structural, interpersonal, and individual level barriers stymie prevention efforts. The objective of this paper is to examine barriers to HIV/STI prevention among reservation-based AI. We conducted face-to-face qualitative interviews with 17 reservation-based AI community leaders and community members in Southern California on HIV/STI knowledge and attitudes and barriers to prevention. The disruption of traditional coping mechanisms and healing processes were compromised by historical trauma, and this allowed stigmas to exist where they did not exist before. This impacted access to healthcare services and trust in medicine, and is linked to individuals adopting negative coping behaviors that confer risk for HIV/STI transmission (e.g., substance use and sexual behaviors). Most of the participants reported that HIV/STIs were not discussed in their reservation-based communities, and many participants had a misperception of transmission risk. Stigma was also linked to a lack of knowledge and awareness of HIV/STI’s. Limited available services, remoteness of communities, perceived lack of privacy, and low cultural competency among providers further hindered the access and use of HIV/STI prevention services. These findings highlight the need to address the historical, structural, and interpersonal factors impacting individual-level behaviors that can increase HIV/STI transmission among reservation-based AIs. Prevention work should build on community strengths to increase HIV/STI knowledge, reduce stigma, and increase access to preventative care while using culturally grounded methodologies.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard F Armenta & Daniel Kellogg & Jessica L Montoya & Rick Romero & Shandiin Armao & Daniel Calac & Tommi L Gaines, 2021. "“There Is a Lot of Practice in Not Thinking about That”: Structural, Interpersonal, and Individual-Level Barriers to HIV/STI Prevention among Reservation Based American Indians," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:7:p:3566-:d:526558
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Reilley, B. & Bloss, E. & Byrd, K.K. & Iralu, J. & Neel, L. & Cheek, J., 2014. "Death rates from human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis among American Indians/Alaska natives in the United States, 1990û2009," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 104(S3), pages 453-459.
    2. Walters, K.L. & Simoni, J.M., 2002. "Reconceptualizing native women's health: An "indigenist" stress-coping model," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(4), pages 520-524.
    3. Hellerstedt, W.L. & Peterson-Hickey, M. & Rhodes, K.L. & Garwick, A., 2006. "Environmental, social, and personal correlates of having ever had sexual intercourse among American Indian youths," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 96(12), pages 2228-2234.
    4. Kaufman, C.E. & Whitesell, N.R. & Keane, E.M. & Desserich, J.A. & Giago, C. & Sam, A. & Mitchell, C.M., 2014. "Effectiveness of circle of life, an HIV-preventive intervention for American Indian middle school youths: A group randomized trial in a northern plains tribe," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 104(6), pages 106-112.
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