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Rural–Urban Differences in the Factors Affecting Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults of Two Regions in Myanmar

Author

Listed:
  • Yuri Sasaki

    (Department of International Health and Collaboration, National Institute of Public Health, Wako City 351-0197, Japan)

  • Yugo Shobugawa

    (Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan)

  • Ikuma Nozaki

    (National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan)

  • Daisuke Takagi

    (Department of Health and Social Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan)

  • Yuiko Nagamine

    (Department of Family Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan)

  • Masafumi Funato

    (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Yuki Chihara

    (Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan)

  • Yuki Shirakura

    (Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan)

  • Kay Thi Lwin

    (Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 245, Myanmar)

  • Poe Ei Zin

    (Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 245, Myanmar)

  • Thae Zarchi Bo

    (Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 245, Myanmar)

  • Tomofumi Sone

    (Vice President, National Institute of Public Health, Wako City 351-0197, Japan)

  • Hla Hla Win

    (Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Medicine 1, Yangon 245, Myanmar)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate rural–urban differences in depressive symptoms in terms of the risk factors among older adults of two regions in Myanmar to provide appropriate intervention for depression depending on local characteristics. This cross-sectional study, conducted between September and December, 2018, used a multistage sampling method to recruit participants from the two regions, for face-to-face interviews. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Depressive symptoms were positively associated with living in rural areas (B = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12,0.72), female (B = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.31,0.79), illness during the preceding year (B = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.45,0.91) and non-Buddhist religion (B = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.001,1.15) and protectively associated with education to middle school level or higher (B = −0.61; 95% CI: −0.94, −0.28) and the frequency of visits to religious facilities (B = −0.20; 95% CI: −0.30, −0.10). In women in urban areas, depressive symptoms were positively associated with illness during the preceding year (B = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.20) and protectively associated with education to middle school level or higher (B = −0.67; 95% CI: −1.23, −0.11), middle or high wealth index (B = −0.92; 95% CI: −1.59, −0.25) and the frequency of visits to religious facilities (B = −0.20; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.03). In men in rural areas, illness during the preceding year was positively associated with depressive symptoms (B = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.33, 1.42). In women in rural areas, depressive symptoms were positively associated with illness during the preceding year (B = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.30) and protectively associated with primary education (B = −0.62; 95% CI: −1.12, −0.12) and the frequency of visits to religious facilities (B = −0.44; 95% CI: −0.68, −0.21). Religion and wealth could have different levels of association with depression between older adults in the urban and rural areas and men and women. Interventions for depression in older adults should consider regional and gender differences in the roles of religion and wealth in Myanmar.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuri Sasaki & Yugo Shobugawa & Ikuma Nozaki & Daisuke Takagi & Yuiko Nagamine & Masafumi Funato & Yuki Chihara & Yuki Shirakura & Kay Thi Lwin & Poe Ei Zin & Thae Zarchi Bo & Tomofumi Sone & Hla Hla W, 2021. "Rural–Urban Differences in the Factors Affecting Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults of Two Regions in Myanmar," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:6:p:2818-:d:514363
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    1. Qinqin Jiang & Zhe Zhao & Yijun Liu & Zhenbang Wei & Yan Bing & Feng Zhang & Jiahao Liu & Lei Gao & Jinhai Sun & Lei Yuan, 2024. "Decomposition analysis of the difference in depressive symptoms between urban and rural employed people in China: Unpaid work plays an important role," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 70(2), pages 340-354, March.

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