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Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validity of the Sexual Harassment Scale in Football Refereeing

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  • Josefa Sánchez

    (Department of Integrated Didactics, Area of Body Expression, School of Sport Education, Psychology and Sciences, University of Huelva, El Carmen Campus, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain)

  • Sara Serrat

    (Department of Integrated Didactics, Area of Body Expression, School of Sport Education, Psychology and Sciences, University of Huelva, El Carmen Campus, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain)

  • Estefanía Castillo

    (Department of Integrated Didactics, Area of Body Expression, School of Sport Education, Psychology and Sciences, University of Huelva, El Carmen Campus, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain)

  • Alberto Nuviala

    (Department of Sport Informatics, Area of Physical and Sport Education, School of Sport Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. De Utrera, km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain)

Abstract

Inequalities between men and women in the workplace are reflected in professional sports, specifically football refereeing. This phenomenon sometimes becomes sexual harassment since it is a stereotypically considered male profession in which women are a minority. To measure that behavior, it is necessary to count on valid and reliable tools. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the factorial structure and the discriminant and convergent validity of the ‘sexual experiences questionnaire’, version of the Department of Defence (SEQ-DoD). Eighty-nine male football referees and ninety-four female football referees, with a mean age of 23.30 ± 4.85 years, participated in this studio conducted questionnaire in Andalusia, Spain. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the robust maximum-likelihood estimation method. The goodness of fit was assessed, and the factorial invariance was calculated to determine the stability of the model. Subsequently, the validity was confirmed. The results corroborated the validity and reliability of the questionnaire adapted to the population studied. Therefore, it can be used as a research instrument.

Suggested Citation

  • Josefa Sánchez & Sara Serrat & Estefanía Castillo & Alberto Nuviala, 2021. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validity of the Sexual Harassment Scale in Football Refereeing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-10, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:1374-:d:492130
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Alex Dickson & Colin Jennings & Gary Koop, 2016. "Domestic Violence and Football in Glasgow: Are Reference Points Relevant?," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 78(1), pages 1-21, February.
    3. Damien J. Williams & Fergus G. Neville & Kirsty House & Peter D. Donnelly, 2013. "Association Between Old Firm Football Matches and Reported Domestic (Violence) Incidents in Strathclyde, Scotland," SAGE Open, , vol. 3(3), pages 21582440135, September.
    4. Jolita Vveinhardt & Vilija Bite Fominiene & Regina Andriukaitiene, 2019. "“Omerta” in Organized Sport: Bullying and Harassment as Determinants of Threats of Social Sustainability at the Individual Level," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-31, April.
    5. Hamilton, Kelly M. & Snoeyink, Megan J. & Martinez, Larry R., 2019. "Blurred lines: How to approach sexual harassment training when sexual harassment isn’t always about sex," Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 345-349, September.
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