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An analysis of soccer referee experiences in France and the Netherlands: Abuse, conflict, and level of support

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  • Webb, Tom
  • Dicks, Matt
  • Thelwell, Richard
  • van der Kamp, John
  • Rix-Lievre, Géraldine

Abstract

Referee and match official discontinuation in sport is an issue of relevance to sport managers and administrators. Despite this, it is an often-neglected area of sport management research. In this paper, a critical analysis of the discontinuation of soccer referees across two countries is provided, utilizing an intergroup conflict theoretical construct to frame the analysis, drawing on the concept of conflict resolution to consider solutions to the issues uncovered. The distribution and subsequent analysis of an online survey in both France and the Netherlands facilitated engagement with a total of 4,637 referees, comprising 3,408 from France and 1,229 from the Netherlands. Following the thematic analysis higher order themes related to aggression, abuse and support systems emerged. Referees reported that verbal abuse was a frequent occurrence, and that incidents of physical abuse were also evident, indicating a culture of abuse toward referees in both countries. Referees as an outgroup felt marginalized, as players, coaches and spectators form ingroups with shared objectives. Additional findings suggest that the support structures around the referees require strengthening at both local and national level, to address issues related to discontinuation. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of the research on the match official abuse related literature, as well as identifying suggestions for researchers and practitioners.

Suggested Citation

  • Webb, Tom & Dicks, Matt & Thelwell, Richard & van der Kamp, John & Rix-Lievre, Géraldine, 2020. "An analysis of soccer referee experiences in France and the Netherlands: Abuse, conflict, and level of support," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 52-65.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:spomar:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:52-65
    DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.003
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Michael Mäs & Jacob Dijkstra, 2014. "Do Intergroup Conflicts Necessarily Result from Outgroup Hate?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(6), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Deal, Colin J. & Pankow, Kurtis & Chu, Theo A. & Pynn, Shannon R. & Smyth, Christine L. & Holt, Nicholas L., 2018. "A mixed methods analysis of disciplinary incidents in men’s soccer," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 72-85.
    3. Kellett, Pamm & Shilbury, David, 2007. "Umpire Participation: Is Abuse Really the Issue?," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 209-229, November.
    4. Böhm, Robert & Rusch, Hannes & Baron, Jonathan, 2020. "The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 947-962.
    5. Pamm Kellett & David Shilbury, 2007. "Umpire Participation: Is Abuse Really the Issue?," Sport Management Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(3), pages 209-229, September.
    6. Schaeperkoetter, Claire C., 2017. "Basketball officiating as a gendered arena: An autoethnography," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(1), pages 128-141.
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    Cited by:

    1. Thomas Giel & Sören Dallmeyer & Daniel Memmert & Christoph Breuer, 2023. "Corruption and Self-Sabotage in Sporting Competitions – An Experimental Approach to Match-Fixing Behavior and the Influence of Deterrence Factors," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 24(4), pages 497-525, May.
    2. Daniel Amoah-Oppong, 2024. "Violence towards Division Two Soccer Referees in the Central Region of Ghana," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(5), pages 635-646, May.

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