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Cortisol on Circadian Rhythm and Its Effect on Cardiovascular System

Author

Listed:
  • Nor Amira Syahira Mohd Azmi

    (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Norsham Juliana

    (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Sahar Azmani

    (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Nadia Mohd Effendy

    (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)

  • Izuddin Fahmy Abu

    (Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng

    (Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Srijit Das

    (Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)

Abstract

The synthesis and secretion of cortisol are controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Cortisol exhibits a proper 24-h circadian rhythm that affects the brain, the autonomic nervous system, the heart, and the vasculature that prepares the cardiovascular system for optimal function during these anticipated behavioral cycles. A literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Relevant search terms included “circadian rhythm and cardiovascular”, “cortisol”, “cortisol and acute coronary syndrome”, “cortisol and arrhythmias”, “cortisol and sudden cardiac death”, “cortisol and stroke”, and “cardioprotective agents”. A total of 120 articles were obtained on the basis of the above search. Lower levels of cortisol were seen at the beginning of sleep, while there was a rise towards the end of sleep, with the highest level reached at the moment the individual wakes up. In the present review, we discuss the role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1), which is a novel molecular target of interest for treating metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus. 11β-HSD1 is the major determinant of cortisol excess, and its inhibition alleviates metabolic abnormalities. The present review highlights the role of cortisol, which controls the circadian rhythm, and describes its effect on the cardiovascular system. The review provides a platform for future potential cardioprotective therapeutic agents.

Suggested Citation

  • Nor Amira Syahira Mohd Azmi & Norsham Juliana & Sahar Azmani & Nadia Mohd Effendy & Izuddin Fahmy Abu & Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng & Srijit Das, 2021. "Cortisol on Circadian Rhythm and Its Effect on Cardiovascular System," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:676-:d:480478
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Darwin Jeyaraj & Saptarsi M. Haldar & Xiaoping Wan & Mark D. McCauley & Jürgen A. Ripperger & Kun Hu & Yuan Lu & Betty L. Eapen & Nikunj Sharma & Eckhard Ficker & Michael J. Cutler & James Gulick & At, 2012. "Circadian rhythms govern cardiac repolarization and arrhythmogenesis," Nature, Nature, vol. 483(7387), pages 96-99, March.
    2. Nor Amira Syahira Mohd Azmi & Norsham Juliana & Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng & Sahar Azmani & Srijit Das & Nadia Effendy, 2020. "Consequences of Circadian Disruption in Shift Workers on Chrononutrition and their Psychosocial Well-Being," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-17, March.
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    1. Norsham Juliana & Nor Amira Syahira Mohd Azmi & Nadia Effendy & Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng & Sahar Azmani & Nizam Baharom & Aza Sherin Mohamad Yusuff & Izuddin Fahmy Abu, 2022. "Exploring the Associated Factors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Healthcare Shift Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-14, August.
    2. Małgorzata Radowicka & Bronisława Pietrzak & Mirosław Wielgoś, 2021. "Diurnal Cortisol Rhythm in Female Flight Attendants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-10, August.

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