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Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data

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  • Bayarmagnai Weinstein

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, NY 12144, USA
    Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Program, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Alan R. da Silva

    (Department of Statistics, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil)

  • Dimitrios E. Kouzoukas

    (Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
    Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA)

  • Tanima Bose

    (Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152 Munich, Germany)

  • Gwang Jin Kim

    (Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany)

  • Paola A. Correa

    (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA)

  • Santhi Pondugula

    (Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA)

  • YoonJung Lee

    (Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA)

  • Jihoo Kim

    (Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea)

  • David O. Carpenter

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, NY 12144, USA
    Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA)

Abstract

COVID-19 has severely impacted socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. To support pandemic control strategies, geographically weighted negative binomial regression (GWNBR) mapped COVID-19 risk related to epidemiological and socioeconomic risk factors using South Korean incidence data (20 January 2020 to 1 July 2020). We constructed COVID-19-specific socioeconomic and epidemiological themes using established social theoretical frameworks and created composite indexes through principal component analysis. The risk of COVID-19 increased with higher area morbidity, risky health behaviours, crowding, and population mobility, and with lower social distancing, healthcare access, and education. Falling COVID-19 risks and spatial shifts over three consecutive time periods reflected effective public health interventions. This study provides a globally replicable methodological framework and precision mapping for COVID-19 and future pandemics.

Suggested Citation

  • Bayarmagnai Weinstein & Alan R. da Silva & Dimitrios E. Kouzoukas & Tanima Bose & Gwang Jin Kim & Paola A. Correa & Santhi Pondugula & YoonJung Lee & Jihoo Kim & David O. Carpenter, 2021. "Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:604-:d:479076
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Muna Shifa & David Gordon & Murray Leibbrandt & Mary Zhang, 2022. "Socioeconomic-Related Inequalities in COVID-19 Vulnerability in South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-20, August.
    2. Maayan Shacham & Lee Greenblatt-Kimron & Yaira Hamama-Raz & Leslie R. Martin & Oren Peleg & Menachem Ben-Ezra & Eitan Mijiritsky, 2021. "Increased COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy and Health Awareness amid COVID-19 Vaccinations Programs in Israel," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-11, April.
    3. Paul M. Ong & Chhandara Pech & Nataly Rios Gutierrez & Vickie M. Mays, 2021. "COVID-19 Medical Vulnerability Indicators: A Predictive, Local Data Model for Equity in Public Health Decision Making," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-23, April.
    4. Liliana Cori & Olivia Curzio & Fulvio Adorni & Federica Prinelli & Marianna Noale & Caterina Trevisan & Loredana Fortunato & Andrea Giacomelli & Fabrizio Bianchi, 2021. "Fear of COVID-19 for Individuals and Family Members: Indications from the National Cross-Sectional Study of the EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Frederick A. J. Simon & Maria Schenk & Denise Palm & Frank Faltraco & Johannes Thome, 2021. "The Collateral Damage of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Mental Health and Psychiatry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-10, April.

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