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Air Pollutants Reduce the Physical Activity of Professional Soccer Players

Author

Listed:
  • Michał Zacharko

    (Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Robert Cichowicz

    (Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland)

  • Marcin Andrzejewski

    (Department of Recreation, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland)

  • Paweł Chmura

    (Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Edward Kowalczuk

    (Football Club Hannover 96, 30169 Hannover, Germany)

  • Jan Chmura

    (Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Marek Konefał

    (Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of air quality—analyzed on the basis of the model of integrating three types of air pollutants (ozone, O 3 ; particulate matter, PM; nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 )—on the physical activity of soccer players. Study material consisted of 8927 individual match observations of 461 players competing in the German Bundesliga during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 domestic seasons. The measured indices included players’ physical activities: total distance (TD) and high-intensity effort (HIE). Statistical analysis showed that with increasing levels of air pollution, both TD (F = 13.900(3); p = 0.001) and HIE (F = 8.060(3); p = 0.001) decrease significantly. The worsening of just one parameter of air pollution results in a significant reduction in performance. This is important information as air pollution is currently a considerable problem for many countries. Improving air quality during training sessions and sports competitions will result in better well-being and sporting performance of athletes and will also help protect athletes from negative health effects caused by air pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Michał Zacharko & Robert Cichowicz & Marcin Andrzejewski & Paweł Chmura & Edward Kowalczuk & Jan Chmura & Marek Konefał, 2021. "Air Pollutants Reduce the Physical Activity of Professional Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:24:p:12928-:d:697479
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lichter, Andreas & Pestel, Nico & Sommer, Eric, 2017. "Productivity effects of air pollution: Evidence from professional soccer," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 54-66.
    2. Hongyou Liu & Will Hopkins & A. Miguel Gómez & S. Javier Molinuevo, 2013. "Inter-operator reliability of live football match statistics from OPTA Sportsdata," International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(3), pages 803-821, December.
    3. Henryk Duda & Łukasz Rydzik & Wojciech Czarny & Wiesław Błach & Karol Görner & Tadeusz Ambroży, 2020. "Reaction of the Organisms of Young Football Players to City Smog in the Sports Training," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-11, July.
    4. Toni Modric & Sime Versic & Damir Sekulic & Silvester Liposek, 2019. "Analysis of the Association between Running Performance and Game Performance Indicators in Professional Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-13, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yiwen Xu & Ying Wang & Yang Yang, 2024. "The Impact of Air Pollution on Game Outcome," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 25(5), pages 557-582, June.
    2. Elizabeth C. Heintz & Derek P. Scott & Kolby R. Simms & Jeremy J. Foreman, 2022. "Air Quality Is Predictive of Mistakes in Professional Baseball and American Football," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-11, December.
    3. Katarzyna Ratajczak & Łukasz Amanowicz & Katarzyna Pałaszyńska & Filip Pawlak & Joanna Sinacka, 2023. "Recent Achievements in Research on Thermal Comfort and Ventilation in the Aspect of Providing People with Appropriate Conditions in Different Types of Buildings—Semi-Systematic Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-55, August.
    4. Michał Zacharko & Robert Cichowicz & Adam Depta & Paweł Chmura & Marek Konefał, 2022. "High Levels of PM10 Reduce the Physical Activity of Professional Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-9, December.

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