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Direct and Indirect Effects of Indoor Particulate Matter on Blood Indicators Related to Anemia

Author

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  • Youngrin Kwag

    (Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul KS013, Korea
    Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul KS013, Korea)

  • Shinhee Ye

    (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Incheon KS006, Korea)

  • Jongmin Oh

    (Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul KS013, Korea)

  • Dong-Wook Lee

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul KS013, Korea)

  • Wonho Yang

    (Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-si KS002, Korea)

  • Yangho Kim

    (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan KS016, Korea)

  • Eunhee Ha

    (Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul KS013, Korea)

Abstract

Exposure to indoor particulate matter (PM) is a potential risk factor that increases systemic inflammation and affects erythropoiesis. This study investigated the association between exposure to indoor PM and blood indicators related to anemia (BIRA) in housewives. Indoor PM and blood folate status are important factors in the risk of anemia. This was a housewife cohort study; we recruited 284 housewives in Seoul and Ulsan, Republic of Korea. Indoor exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was measured by gravimetric analysis and sensors. We investigated the BIRA, such as hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), and mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MCHC). Statistical analysis was performed by multiple linear regression model and mediation analysis. The association between BIRA and PM was assessed by multiple linear regression models fitted by mediation analyses. The increase in the level of indoor PM2.5 was associated with a decrease in MCV (Beta coefficient (B): −0.069, Standard error (SE): 0.022) and MCH (B: −0.019, SE: 0.009) in gravimetric measurements. The increase in the level of indoor PM2.5 was associated with a decrease in Hb (B: −0.024, SE: 0.011), hematocrit (B: −0.059, SE: 0.033), and MCV (B: −0.081, SE: 0.037) and MCH (B: −0.037, SE: 0.012) in sensor measurements (PM2.5-Lag10). Further, we identified a serum folate-mediated PM effect. The indoor PM exposure was significantly associated with decreased Hb, MCV, and MCH in housewives. Taken together, our data show that exposure to indoor PM is a risk factor for anemia in housewives. Blood folate concentration can be a mediating factor in the effect of indoor PM on BIRA. Therefore, folate intake should be recommended to prevent anemia in housewives. Moreover, indoor PM exposure should be managed.

Suggested Citation

  • Youngrin Kwag & Shinhee Ye & Jongmin Oh & Dong-Wook Lee & Wonho Yang & Yangho Kim & Eunhee Ha, 2021. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Indoor Particulate Matter on Blood Indicators Related to Anemia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:24:p:12890-:d:696758
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andre Santos Nouri & Ioannis Charalampopoulos & Andreas Matzarakis, 2018. "Beyond Singular Climatic Variables—Identifying the Dynamics of Wholesome Thermo-Physiological Factors for Existing/Future Human Thermal Comfort during Hot Dry Mediterranean Summers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-26, October.
    2. Ganiyu Olatunbosun Arinola & Anindita Dutta & Oluwafemi Oluwole & Christopher O. Olopade, 2018. "Household Air Pollution, Levels of Micronutrients and Heavy Metals in Cord and Maternal Blood, and Pregnancy Outcomes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-12, December.
    3. Jingjin Shi & Fei’er Chen & Yunfei Cai & Shichen Fan & Jing Cai & Renjie Chen & Haidong Kan & Yihan Lu & Zhuohui Zhao, 2017. "Validation of a light-scattering PM2.5 sensor monitor based on the long-term gravimetric measurements in field tests," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(11), pages 1-13, November.
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