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Effects of Fine Particulate Matter and Its Components on Emergency Room Visits for Pediatric Pneumonia: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study

Author

Listed:
  • Ming-Ta Tsai

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan)

  • Yu-Ni Ho

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan)

  • Charng-Yen Chiang

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan)

  • Po-Chun Chuang

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan)

  • Hsiu-Yung Pan

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan)

  • I-Min Chiu

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan)

  • Chih-Min Tsai

    (College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
    Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan)

  • Fu-Jen Cheng

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan)

Abstract

Pneumonia, one of the important causes of death in children, may be induced or aggravated by particulate matter (PM). Limited research has examined the association between PM and its constituents and pediatric pneumonia-related emergency department (ED) visits. Measurements of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and four PM 2.5 constituents, including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), nitrate, and sulfate, were extracted from 2007 to 2010 from one core station and two satellite stations in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Furthermore, the medical records of patients under 17 years old who had visited the ED in a medical center and had a diagnosis of pneumonia were collected. We used a time-stratified, case-crossover study design to estimate the effect of PM. The single-pollutant model demonstrated interquartile range increase in PM 2.5 , PM 10 , nitrate, OC, and EC on lag 3, which increased the risk of pediatric pneumonia by 18.2% (95% confidence interval (Cl), 8.8–28.4%), 13.1% (95% CI, 5.1–21.7%), 29.7% (95% CI, 16.4–44.5%), 16.8% (95% CI, 4.6–30.4%), and 14.4% (95% Cl, 6.5–22.9%), respectively. After PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and OC were adjusted for, nitrate and EC remained significant in two-pollutant models. Subgroup analyses revealed that nitrate had a greater effect on children during the warm season (April to September, interaction p = 0.035). In conclusion, pediatric pneumonia ED visit was related to PM 2.5 and its constituents. Moreover, PM 2.5 constituents, nitrate and EC, were more closely associated with ED visits for pediatric pneumonia, and children seemed to be more susceptible to nitrate during the warm season.

Suggested Citation

  • Ming-Ta Tsai & Yu-Ni Ho & Charng-Yen Chiang & Po-Chun Chuang & Hsiu-Yung Pan & I-Min Chiu & Chih-Min Tsai & Fu-Jen Cheng, 2021. "Effects of Fine Particulate Matter and Its Components on Emergency Room Visits for Pediatric Pneumonia: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-12, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:20:p:10599-:d:652951
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Meng-Hsuan Cheng & Hui-Fen Chiu & Chun-Yuh Yang, 2015. "Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-16, October.
    2. Hsiu-Yung Pan & Shun-Man Cheung & Fu-Cheng Chen & Kuan-Han Wu & Shih-Yu Cheng & Po-Chun Chuang & Fu-Jen Cheng, 2019. "Short-Term Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Events: Are There Potentially Susceptible Groups?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-12, October.
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