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Estimates of COVID-19 Risk Factors among Social Strata and Predictors for a Vulnerability to the Infection

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  • Dimitra S. Mouliou

    (Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece)

  • Ourania S. Kotsiou

    (Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece)

  • Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis

    (Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41110 Larissa, Greece)

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a potentially severe disease, especially for individuals presenting with certain underlying medical conditions. We analyzed the rates of comorbidities and symptoms to reveal the potential severity of the pandemic in Volos, one of the most air-polluted cities in Greece. Environmental and health-related predictors for SARS-CoV-2 infection were investigated. A web-based questionnaire was disseminated through social media in the first half of March 2021 during a five-month strict lockdown. Sociodemographic data, preexisting medical conditions, frequency of clinical symptoms, and COVID-19 information were recorded. The study population consisted of 2000 responders. Four-fifths of the participants reported comorbidities that could increase vulnerability to severe COVID-19. Respiratory symptoms were reported from the unemployed and from retirees, and cold-related symptoms were reported in the education sector and in undergraduates. Women and younger generations shaped social vulnerability to respiratory infections similar to the elderly. SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in 3.7% of the study population. Common headache (OR 2; CI 1189–3013; p = 0.007) and prior pneumonia (OR 1.9; CI 1024–2898; p = 0.04) were significant predictors for susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The importance of monitoring society through community-based questionnaires is highlighted, for predicting and preventing future widespread transmission of infectious diseases.

Suggested Citation

  • Dimitra S. Mouliou & Ourania S. Kotsiou & Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis, 2021. "Estimates of COVID-19 Risk Factors among Social Strata and Predictors for a Vulnerability to the Infection," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-10, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:16:p:8701-:d:616413
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anne-Claire Vergnaud & Mathilde Touvier & Caroline Méjean & Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot & Clothilde Pollet & Aurélie Malon & Katia Castetbon & Serge Hercberg, 2011. "Agreement between web-based and paper versions of a socio-demographic questionnaire in the NutriNet-Santé study," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 56(4), pages 407-417, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Peng Cui & Zhiyu Dong & Xin Yao & Yifei Cao & Yifan Sun & Lan Feng, 2022. "What Makes Urban Communities More Resilient to COVID-19? A Systematic Review of Current Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-15, August.

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