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Barriers, Enablers, and Perceptions on Dietary Salt Reduction in the Out-of-Home Sectors: A Scoping Review

Author

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  • Viola Michael

    (Dietetics Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
    Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia)

  • Yee Xing You

    (Dietetics Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia)

  • Suzana Shahar

    (Dietetics Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia)

  • Zahara Abdul Manaf

    (Dietetics Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia)

  • Hasnah Haron

    (Nutritional Sciences Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia)

  • Siti Nurbaya Shahrir

    (Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia)

  • Hazreen Abdul Majid

    (Centre for Population Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
    Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia)

  • Yook Chin Chia

    (Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
    Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Mhairi Karen Brown

    (Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK)

  • Feng J. He

    (Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK)

  • Graham A. MacGregor

    (Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK)

Abstract

In this review, we have investigated the perceptions, barriers, and enabling factors that were responsible for a dietary salt reduction in the out-of-home sectors. For this purpose, we examined different knowledge databases such as Google Scholar, Ebscohost, MEDLINE (PubMed), Ovid, and Cochrane Library for research articles from September to December 2020. The inclusion criteria for the research articles were that they had to be published in English and had to be a qualitative or quantitative study that was conducted after 2010. These studies also had to report the various enablers, barriers, and perceptions regarding salt reduction in the out-of-home sectors. After implementing the inclusion criteria, we successfully screened a total of 440 studies, out of which 65 articles fulfilled all the criteria. The perceived barriers that hindered salt reduction among the out-of-home sectors included lack of menu and food variabilities, loss of sales due to salt reduction, lack of technical skills for implementing the salt reduction processes for cooking or reformulation, and an absence of environmental and systemic support for reducing the salt concentration. Furthermore, the enablers for salt reduction included the intervention programs, easy accessibility to salt substitutes, salt intake measurement, educational availability, and a gradual reduction in the salt levels. With regards to the behavior or perceptions, the effect of organizational and individual characteristics on their salt intake were reported. The majority of the people were not aware of their salt intake or the effect of salt on their health. These people also believed that low salt food was recognized as tasteless. In conclusion, the enablers, barriers, and perceptions regarding salt reduction in the out-of-home sectors were multifaceted. Therefore, for the implementation of the strategies, policies, and initiatives for addressing the barriers, the policymakers need to encourage a multisectoral collaboration for reducing the salt intake in the population.

Suggested Citation

  • Viola Michael & Yee Xing You & Suzana Shahar & Zahara Abdul Manaf & Hasnah Haron & Siti Nurbaya Shahrir & Hazreen Abdul Majid & Yook Chin Chia & Mhairi Karen Brown & Feng J. He & Graham A. MacGregor, 2021. "Barriers, Enablers, and Perceptions on Dietary Salt Reduction in the Out-of-Home Sectors: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:15:p:8099-:d:605418
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hasnah Haron & Ivy Hiew & Suzana Shahar & Viola Michael & Rashidah Ambak, 2020. "A Survey on Salt Content Labeling of the Processed Food Available in Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-8, April.
    2. Curtis, C.J. & Clapp, J. & Niederman, S.A. & Ng, S.W. & Angell, S.Y., 2016. "US food industry progress during the national salt reduction initiative: 2009-2014," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(10), pages 1815-1819.
    3. Maalouf, J. & Cogswell, M.E. & Gunn, J.P. & Curtis, C.J. & Rhodes, D. & Hoy, K. & Pehrsson, P. & Nickle, M. & Merritt, R., 2013. "Monitoring the sodium content of restaurant foods: Public health challenges and opportunities," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(9), pages 21-30.
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