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Functioning and Happiness in People with Schizophrenia: Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Impairment

Author

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  • Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas

    (Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain)

  • Pablo Jose González-Domenech

    (Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain)

  • Gema Junquera

    (Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain)

  • Tate F. Halverson

    (Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA)

  • Guillermo Lahera

    (Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
    Ramon y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
    Psychiatry Service, Center for Biomedical Research in the Mental Health Network, University Hospital Principe de Asturias, 28806 Alcala de Henares, Spain)

Abstract

Schizophrenia is associated with marked functional impairment and low levels of subjective happiness. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the relationship between subjective happiness and functioning in patients with schizophrenia, while considering the role of cognitive functioning. Methods: In total, 69 schizophrenia patients and 87 matched healthy controls participated in the study. Patients’ clinical status was assessed, and a series of self-report questionnaires were administered to both patients and healthy controls to measure subjective happiness, satisfaction with life, well-being, functioning, and cognitive impairment. A multiple linear regression model identified significant predictors of subjective happiness and related constructs. Results: Schizophrenia participants endorsed lower levels of happiness and well-being, and higher perceived stress compared to healthy controls. In schizophrenia patients, there was an inverse and significant correlation (r = −0.435; p = 0.013) between subjective happiness and functioning in a subgroup of patients without cognitive impairment. This correlation was not significant (r = −0.175; p = 0.300) in the subgroup with cognitive impairment. When controlling for other clinical variables (by multiple lineal regression), the severity of symptoms and level of insight failed to demonstrate significant relationships with happiness; meanwhile, perceived stress and some specific cognitive dominions (as verbal learning and processing speed) were associated with satisfaction of life of the patients. Conclusions: The relationship between subjective happiness and functioning in schizophrenia patients was influenced by level of cognitive impairment. Findings from this study suggest that rehabilitation programs may improve recovery outcomes with a focus on subjective happiness and functioning, especially in patients with cognitive impairment. Future research is needed to better understand the complex interplay between subjective happiness, functioning, and cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia.

Suggested Citation

  • Luis Gutiérrez-Rojas & Pablo Jose González-Domenech & Gema Junquera & Tate F. Halverson & Guillermo Lahera, 2021. "Functioning and Happiness in People with Schizophrenia: Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Impairment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7706-:d:597819
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sonja Lyubomirsky & Heidi Lepper, 1999. "A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 137-155, February.
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    1. Masaaki Matsunaga & Yuanying Li & Yupeng He & Taro Kishi & Shinichi Tanihara & Nakao Iwata & Takahiro Tabuchi & Atsuhiko Ota, 2023. "Physical, Psychiatric, and Social Comorbidities of Individuals with Schizophrenia Living in the Community in Japan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-20, February.

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