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Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cognitive Performance of Estonian First-Grade Schoolchildren According Their MVPA Level in Kindergarten: A Longitudinal Study

Author

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  • Kirkke Reisberg

    (Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
    Tartu Healthcare College, 50411 Tartu, Estonia)

  • Eva-Maria Riso

    (Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51005 Tartu, Estonia)

  • Jaak Jürimäe

    (Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51005 Tartu, Estonia)

Abstract

Little is known about the longitudinal trajectories and associations regarding physical activity (PA), physical fitness (PF), and cognitive skills in childhood. Accelerometer-based PA, sedentary behavior (SB), PF, and cognitive skills were measured in Estonian children ( n = 147) in kindergarten (6.6 years) and again at school (7.6 years). Children were subgrouped into lower and upper quartiles by their moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) at 6.6 years. Children in the upper quartile had lower SB, higher PA, and greater muscular strength. Attending school, MVPA in the lower quartile improved. In both subgroups, most strength values and cognitive skills improved, while balance deteriorated in first grade. In the upper quartile, a greater MPA at 6.6 years predicted lower perceptual skills at 7.6 years. A greater SB at 6.6 years predicted higher verbal skills, light and moderate PA and MVPA, and lower verbal skills at 7.6 years after taking into account confounding factors such as the child’s sex, age, awake wear time (AWT), maternal education, and/or child’s sports participation. A vigorous PA at 6.6 years predicted perceptual (in upper quartile) or verbal (in lower quartile) skills at 7.6 years after controlling for similar confounders. No correlation for PF at 6.6 years and cognitive skills at 7.6 years existed; after adjusting for the above-mentioned confounders relative to upper/lower-limb strength, the 4 × 10 m shuttle run results predicted higher perceptual or verbal skills; static balance and cardiorespiratory fitness predicted lower verbal skills. Cardiorespiratory fitness predicted higher perceptual skills after controlling for sex, age, and AWT. Overall, PA and strength were constantly better and SB lower in the upper quartile, yet the lower quartile demonstrated improved MVPA in first grade, and both subgroups increased most components of their strength and cognitive skills in first grade. Higher levels of VPA at kindergarten predicted either better perceptual or verbal skills in first grade after controlling for confounders; the opposite associations were found for other PA levels and cognitive skills in the higher quartile. PF components at kindergarten predicted either superior or inferior cognitive skills in first grade after adjusting for confounders.

Suggested Citation

  • Kirkke Reisberg & Eva-Maria Riso & Jaak Jürimäe, 2021. "Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cognitive Performance of Estonian First-Grade Schoolchildren According Their MVPA Level in Kindergarten: A Longitudinal Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7576-:d:595495
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Paweł Lisowski & Adam Kantanista & Michał Bronikowski, 2020. "Are There Any Differences between First Grade Boys and Girls in Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, BMI, and Sedentary Behavior? Results of HCSC Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-11, February.
    2. Clemens Drenowatz & Klaus Greier & Gerhard Ruedl & Martin Kopp, 2019. "Association between Club Sports Participation and Physical Fitness across 6- to 14-Year-Old Austrian Youth," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-11, September.
    3. Margot I. Jackson & Kathleen Kiernan & Sara McLanahan, 2017. "Maternal Education, Changing Family Circumstances, and Children’s Skill Development in the United States and UK," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 674(1), pages 59-84, November.
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