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Children’s Greenness Exposure and IQ-Associated DNA Methylation: A Prospective Cohort Study

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  • Kyung-Shin Lee

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yoon-Jung Choi

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jin-Woo Cho

    (Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA)

  • Sung-Ji Moon

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea)

  • Youn-Hee Lim

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • Johanna-Inhyang Kim

    (Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul 04763, Korea)

  • Young-Ah Lee

    (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea)

  • Choong-Ho Shin

    (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea)

  • Bung-Nyun Kim

    (Division of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea)

  • Yun-Chul Hong

    (Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
    Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea)

Abstract

Epigenetics is known to be involved in regulatory pathways through which greenness exposure influences child development and health. We aimed to investigate the associations between residential surrounding greenness and DNA methylation changes in children, and further assessed the association between DNA methylation and children’s intelligence quotient (IQ) in a prospective cohort study. We identified cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sites (CpGs) associated with cognitive abilities from epigenome- and genome-wide association studies through a systematic literature review for candidate gene analysis. We estimated the residential surrounding greenness at age 2 using a geographic information system. DNA methylation was analyzed from whole blood using the HumanMethylationEPIC array in 59 children at age 2. We analyzed the association between greenness exposure and DNA methylation at age 2 at the selected CpGs using multivariable linear regression. We further investigated the relationship between DNA methylation and children’s IQ. We identified 8743 CpGs associated with cognitive ability based on the literature review. Among these CpGs, we found that 25 CpGs were significantly associated with greenness exposure at age 2, including cg26269038 (Bonferroni-corrected p ≤ 0.05) located in the body of SLC6A3 , which encodes a dopamine transporter. DNA methylation at cg26269038 at age 2 was significantly associated with children’s performance IQ at age 6. Exposure to surrounding greenness was associated with cognitive ability-related DNA methylation changes, which was also associated with children’s IQ. Further studies are warranted to clarify the epigenetic pathways linking greenness exposure and neurocognitive function.

Suggested Citation

  • Kyung-Shin Lee & Yoon-Jung Choi & Jin-Woo Cho & Sung-Ji Moon & Youn-Hee Lim & Johanna-Inhyang Kim & Young-Ah Lee & Choong-Ho Shin & Bung-Nyun Kim & Yun-Chul Hong, 2021. "Children’s Greenness Exposure and IQ-Associated DNA Methylation: A Prospective Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7429-:d:592666
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Wolf Reik, 2007. "Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development," Nature, Nature, vol. 447(7143), pages 425-432, May.
    3. Joan A. Casey & Peter James & Kara E. Rudolph & Chih-Da Wu & Brian S. Schwartz, 2016. "Greenness and Birth Outcomes in a Range of Pennsylvania Communities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, March.
    4. Philip R. Jansen & Mats Nagel & Kyoko Watanabe & Yongbin Wei & Jeanne E. Savage & Christiaan A. Leeuw & Martijn P. Heuvel & Sophie Sluis & Danielle Posthuma, 2020. "Genome-wide meta-analysis of brain volume identifies genomic loci and genes shared with intelligence," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-12, December.
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