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Rodent-Related Zoonotic Pathogens at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface in Qatar: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Md Mazharul Islam

    (Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha P.O. Box 35081, Qatar
    School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa)

  • Elmoubashar Farag

    (Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar)

  • Ahmad Mahmoudi

    (Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran)

  • Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh)

  • Ehsan Mostafavi

    (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
    National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan 6556153145, Iran)

  • Khalid A. Enan

    (Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha P.O. Box 35081, Qatar
    Department of Virology, Central Laboratory, The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartum 7099, Sudan)

  • Hamad Al-Romaihi

    (Ministry of Public Health, Doha P.O. Box 42, Qatar)

  • Muzzamil Atta

    (Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha P.O. Box 35081, Qatar
    College of Animal Production, Bahri University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan)

  • Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein

    (Department of Virology, Central Laboratory, The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartum 7099, Sudan)

  • Zilungile Mkhize-Kwitshana

    (School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
    South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa)

Abstract

Rodents are one of the most diversified terrestrial mammals, and they perform several beneficial activities in nature. These animals are also important as carriers of many pathogens with public health importance. The current systematic review was conducted to formulate a true depiction of rodent-related zoonoses in Qatar. Following systematic searches on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science and a screening process, a total of 94 published articles were selected and studied. The studied articles reported 23 rodent-related zoonotic pathogens that include nine bacterial, eleven parasitic, and three viral pathogens, from which the frequently reported pathogens were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (32 reports), Escherichia coli (23), and Salmonella spp. (16). The possible pathway of entry of the rodent-borne pathogens can be the land port, seaports, and airport of Qatar through carrier humans and animals, contaminated food, and agricultural products. The pathogens can be conserved internally by rodents, pets, and livestock; by agricultural production systems; and by food marketing chains. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of the pathogens among the human population was 4.27% (95%CI: 4.03–4.51%; p < 0.001) with significant heterogeneity ( I 2 = 99.50%). The top three highest prevalent pathogens were M. tuberculosis (30.90%; 22.75–39.04%; p < 0.001; I 2 = 99.70%) followed by Toxoplasma gondii (21.93%; 6.23–37.61%; p < 0.001; I 2 = 99.30%) and hepatitis E virus (18.29%; 11.72–24.86%; p < 0.001; I 2 = 96.70%). However, there is a knowledge gap about the listed pathogens regarding the occurrence, transmission pathways, and rodent role in transmission dynamics at the human–animal–environment interface in Qatar. Further studies are required to explore the role of rodents in spreading zoonotic pathogens through the One Health framework, consisting of zoologists, ecologists, microbiologists, entomologists, veterinarians, and public health experts in this country.

Suggested Citation

  • Md Mazharul Islam & Elmoubashar Farag & Ahmad Mahmoudi & Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan & Ehsan Mostafavi & Khalid A. Enan & Hamad Al-Romaihi & Muzzamil Atta & Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein & Zilungile Mkhize-K, 2021. "Rodent-Related Zoonotic Pathogens at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface in Qatar: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:5928-:d:566537
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tarek Ben Hassen & Hamid El Bilali & Mohammed Al-Maadeed, 2020. "Agri-Food Markets in Qatar: Drivers, Trends, and Policy Responses," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-31, May.
    2. David Moher & Alessandro Liberati & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Douglas G Altman & The PRISMA Group, 2009. "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-6, July.
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