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Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study

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  • Beata Szczepanowska-Wołowiec

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
    Rehabilitation Clinic, Provincial General Hospital, 25-310 Kielce, Poland)

  • Paulina Sztandera

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland)

  • Ireneusz Kotela

    (Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
    Central Clinical Hospital of the MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Marek Zak

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Zeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland)

Abstract

Background: There are numerous studies assessing the morphological structure of the foot, but there is a notable scarcity of those focused on juxtaposing various longitudinal arch indices with foot loading paradigm. The present study aimed to determine the overall reliability, diagnostic accuracy of respective variables, and their correlation with the foot loading paradigm. Methods: The study group consisted of 336 children, aged 10–15 years (girls 49.1% and boys 50.9%). The morphological structure of the plantar part of the foot in static conditions was assessed with the aid of a 2D podoscan. Individual foot loading paradigm in static conditions was assessed making use of the FreeMed platform. Results: Staheli (SI), Chippaux–Smirak (CSI), and Sztriter–Godunow (KY) indices were strongly correlated with each other (ρ > 0.84, p < 0.001). Own research corroborated an increased pressure of hollow feet, as assessed by the SI, CSI, and KY indices, on the forefoot and the hindfoot, foot zones B, E, F; these correlations being statistically significant. The results yielded by the present study also indicate an increased pressure on the metatarsal, and foot zones C, D of the flat feet. Conclusions: Flatfootedness is not believed to be a common deformity among children and adolescents. The SI, CSI, and KY indices were found to be strongly correlated, as well as proved reliable in assessing the foot’s longitudinal arch.

Suggested Citation

  • Beata Szczepanowska-Wołowiec & Paulina Sztandera & Ireneusz Kotela & Marek Zak, 2021. "Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-11, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:10:p:5196-:d:554210
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniel López-López & Juan Manuel Vilar-Fernández & Gonzalo Barros-García & Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias & Patricia Palomo-López & Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo & Cesar Calvo-Lobo, 2018. "Foot Arch Height and Quality of Life in Adults: A Strobe Observational Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-7, July.
    2. Liliana Cațan & Simona Cerbu & Elena Amaricai & Oana Suciu & Delia Ioana Horhat & Călin Marius Popoiu & Ovidiu Adam & Eugen Boia, 2020. "Assessment of Static Plantar Pressure, Stabilometry, Vitamin D and Bone Mineral Density in Female Adolescents with Moderate Idiopathic Scoliosis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-10, March.
    3. Felipe García-Pinillos & Diego Jaén-Carrillo & Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román & Carles Escalona-Marfil & Víctor M. Soto-Hermoso & Carlos Lago-Fuentes & Silvia Pueyo-Villa & Irma Domínguez-Azpíroz & Luis E., 2021. "Does Arch Stiffness Influence Running Spatiotemporal Parameters? An Analysis of the Relationship between Influencing Factors on Running Performance," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-9, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Liya Xu & Hongyi Gu & Yimin Zhang & Tingting Sun & Jingjing Yu, 2022. "Risk Factors of Flatfoot in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-13, July.

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