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Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough

Author

Listed:
  • Leonardo Setti

    (Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy)

  • Fabrizio Passarini

    (Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research “Renewable Sources, Environment, Blue Growth, Energy”, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy)

  • Gianluigi De Gennaro

    (Department of Biology, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy)

  • Pierluigi Barbieri

    (Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy)

  • Maria Grazia Perrone

    (Environmental Research Division, TCR TECORA, 20094 Milan, Italy)

  • Massimo Borelli

    (Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy)

  • Jolanda Palmisani

    (Department of Biology, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy)

  • Alessia Di Gilio

    (Department of Biology, University “Aldo Moro” of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy)

  • Prisco Piscitelli

    (UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), 20149 Milan, Italy)

  • Alessandro Miani

    (Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA), 20149 Milan, Italy
    Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused the shutdown of entire nations all over the world. In addition to mobility restrictions of people, the World Health Organization and the Governments have prescribed maintaining an inter-personal distance of 1.5 or 2 m (about 6 feet) from each other in order to minimize the risk of contagion through the droplets that we usually disseminate around us from nose and mouth. However, recently published studies support the hypothesis of virus transmission over a distance of 2 m from an infected person. Researchers have proved the higher aerosol and surface stability of SARS-COV-2 as compared with SARS-COV-1 (with the virus remaining viable and infectious in aerosol for hours) and that airborne transmission of SARS-CoV can occur besides close-distance contacts. Indeed, there is reasonable evidence about the possibility of SARS-COV-2 airborne transmission due to its persistence into aerosol droplets in a viable and infectious form. Based on the available knowledge and epidemiological observations, it is plausible that small particles containing the virus may diffuse in indoor environments covering distances up to 10 m from the emission sources, thus representing a kind of aerosol transmission. On-field studies carried out inside Wuhan Hospitals showed the presence of SARS-COV-2 RNA in air samples collected in the hospitals and also in the surroundings, leading to the conclusion that the airborne route has to be considered an important pathway for viral diffusion. Similar findings are reported in analyses concerning air samples collected at the Nebraska University Hospital. On March 16th, we have released a Position Paper emphasizing the airborne route as a possible additional factor for interpreting the anomalous COVID-19 outbreaks in northern Italy, ranked as one of the most polluted areas in Europe and characterized by high particulate matter (PM) concentrations. The available information on the SARS-COV-2 spreading supports the hypothesis of airborne diffusion of infected droplets from person to person at a distance greater than two meters (6 feet). The inter-personal distance of 2 m can be reasonably considered as an effective protection only if everybody wears face masks in daily life activities.

Suggested Citation

  • Leonardo Setti & Fabrizio Passarini & Gianluigi De Gennaro & Pierluigi Barbieri & Maria Grazia Perrone & Massimo Borelli & Jolanda Palmisani & Alessia Di Gilio & Prisco Piscitelli & Alessandro Miani, 2020. "Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-6, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:8:p:2932-:d:349556
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    Cited by:

    1. Bao Li & Baobao Lin & Yan Wang & Ye Shi & Wu Zeng & Yulan Zhao & Yin Gu & Chang Liu & Hui Gao & Hao Cheng & Xiaoqun Zheng & Guangxin Xiang & Guiqiang Wang & Peng Liu, 2024. "Multi-scenario surveillance of respiratory viruses in aerosols with sub-single-copy spatial resolution," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
    2. Isaac Oyeyemi Olayode & Alessandro Gaetano Severino & Tiziana Campisi & Lagouge Kwanda Tartibu, 2022. "Comprehensive Literature Review on the Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Road Transportation System: Challenges and Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-23, August.
    3. Alaa Alaidroos & Ayad Almaimani & Ahmed Baik & Mohamed Al-Amodi & Khan Rubayet Rahaman, 2021. "Are Historical Buildings More Adaptive to Minimize the Risks of Airborne Transmission of Viruses and Public Health? A Study of the Hazzazi House in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-19, March.
    4. Young-Jae Kim & Seung-Woo Kang, 2024. "Effect of perceived crowding on risk perception in leisure sports: an analysis based on Edward T Hall’s concept of ‘proxemics’," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-8, December.
    5. Barone, Giovanni & Buonomano, Annamaria & Forzano, Cesare & Giuzio, Giovanni Francesco & Palombo, Adolfo, 2022. "Energy, economic, and environmental impacts of enhanced ventilation strategies on railway coaches to reduce Covid-19 contagion risks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    6. Nadim Sharif & Khalid J Alzahrani & Shamsun Nahar Ahmed & Rubayet Rayhan Opu & Nayan Ahmed & Aeken Talukder & Raju Nunia & Mysha Samiha Chowdhury & Israt Jahan Nodi & Tama Saha & Ming Zhang & Shuvra K, 2021. "Protective measures are associated with the reduction of transmission of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(11), pages 1-15, November.
    7. Bissilimou Rachidatou Orounla & Ayédèguè Eustache Alaye & Kolawolé Valère Salako & Codjo Emile Agbangba & Justice Moses K. Aheto & Romain Glèlè Kakaï, 2024. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors on COVID-19 in Africa Using Structural Equation Modeling," Stats, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-15, September.
    8. Larisa Anghel & Cătălin-George Popovici & Cristian Stătescu & Radu Sascău & Marina Verdeș & Vasilică Ciocan & Ionela-Lăcrămioara Șerban & Minela Aida Mărănducă & Sebastian-Valeriu Hudișteanu & Florin-, 2020. "Impact of HVAC-Systems on the Dispersion of Infectious Aerosols in a Cardiac Intensive Care Unit," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-17, September.
    9. Sofia Sebastian & Ravishankar K.R., 2022. "Towards Sustainable Design: Influence of pandemics on Architectural Design and Urban Planning through the ages," International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), vol. 9(4), pages 73-76, April.

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