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Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

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  • Carmen Padilla-Moledo

    (GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Jorge DR Fernández-Santos

    (GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Rocio Izquierdo-Gómez

    (GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Irene Esteban-Cornejo

    (PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
    Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

  • Paula Rio-Cozar

    (GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain)

  • Ana Carbonell-Baeza

    (GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain)

  • Jose Castro-Piñero

    (GALENO research group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, 115010 Puerto Real, Spain
    Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, 11008 Cádiz, Spain)

Abstract

Self-rated health (SRH) is an independent determinant for all-cause mortality. We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of components of physical fitness with SRH at baseline (cross-sectional) and two years later (longitudinal) in children and adolescents. Spanish youth (N = 1378) aged 8 to 17.9 years participated at baseline. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 19.5% ( n = 270). Participants were categorized as either children (8 to 11.9 years age) or adolescents (12 to 17.9 years age). The ALPHA health- related fitness test battery for youth was used to assess physical fitness, and SRH was measured by a single-item question. Cumulative link, ANOVA and ANCOVA models were fitted to analyze the data. Cardiorespiratory fitness, relative upper body isometric muscular strength, muscular strength score, and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children (OR, 1.048; 95% CI, 1.020–1.076; OR, 18.921; 95% CI, 3.47–104.355; OR, 1.213; 95% CI, 1.117–1.319, and OR, 1.170; 95% CI, 1.081–1.266, respectively; all p < 0.001) and adolescents (OR, 1.057; 95% CI, 1.037–1.076; OR, 5.707; 95% CI, 1.122–29.205; OR, 1.169; 95% CI, 1.070–1.278, and OR, 1.154 95% CI, 1.100–1.210, respectively; all p < 0.001); and motor fitness was positively associated with SRH only in adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.192; 95% CI, 1.066–1.309; p < 0.01). Cardiorespiratory fitness and global physical fitness were positively associated with SRH in children two years later (OR, 1.056; 95% CI, 1.023–1.091; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.082; 95% CI, 1.031–1.136; p < 0.01; respectively). Only cardiorespiratory fitness was independently associated with SRH in children and adolescents at baseline (OR, 1.059; 95% CI, 1.029–1.090; and OR, 1.073; 95% CI, 1.050–1.097, respectively; both p < 0.001) and two years later (OR, 1.075; 95% CI, 1.040–1.112; p < 0.001; and OR, 1.043; 95% CI, 1.014–1.074; p < 0.01, respectively). A high level of cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline or maintaining high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness from the baseline to 2-year follow-up were associated with a higher level of SRH at 2-year follow-up in children ( p < 0.01) and adolescents ( p < 0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness as strong predictor of present and future SRH in youth. Intervention programs to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness level of the youth population are urgently needed for present and future youth’s health.

Suggested Citation

  • Carmen Padilla-Moledo & Jorge DR Fernández-Santos & Rocio Izquierdo-Gómez & Irene Esteban-Cornejo & Paula Rio-Cozar & Ana Carbonell-Baeza & Jose Castro-Piñero, 2020. "Physical Fitness and Self-Rated Health in Children and Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-15, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:7:p:2413-:d:340434
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jylhä, Marja, 2009. "What is self-rated health and why does it predict mortality? Towards a unified conceptual model," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(3), pages 307-316, August.
    2. Lena Lämmle & Alexander Woll & Gert B. M. Mensink & Klaus Bös, 2013. "Distal and Proximal Factors of Health Behaviors and Their Associations with Health in Children and Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-35, July.
    3. Holly Heard & Bridget Gorman & Carolyn Kapinus, 2008. "Family Structure and Self-Rated Health in Adolescence and Young Adulthood," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 27(6), pages 773-797, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Peter Petrovics & Alexandra Nagy & Barbara Sandor & Anita Palfi & Zsolt Szekeres & Kalman Toth & Eszter Szabados, 2021. "Examination of Self-Esteem, Body Image, Eating Attitudes and Cardiorespiratory Performance in Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Ángel Denche-Zamorano & María Mendoza-Muñoz & Jorge Carlos-Vivas & Laura Muñoz-Bermejo & Jorge Rojo-Ramos & Raquel Pastor-Cisneros & Frano Giakoni-Ramírez & Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf & Sabina Barrios-Fern, 2022. "A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perceived Health and Physical Activity Level in the Spanish Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-14, May.

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