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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating the Relationship between Exposures to Chemical and Non-Chemical Stressors during Prenatal Development and Childhood Externalizing Behaviors

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  • Frances M. Nilsen

    (Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA)

  • Jessica Frank

    (Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
    Current affiliation: Tetra Tech, 10306 Eaton Place, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.)

  • Nicolle S. Tulve

    (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA)

Abstract

Childhood behavioral outcomes have been linked to low quality intrauterine environments caused by prenatal exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors. The effect(s) from the many stressors a child can be prenatally exposed to may be influenced by complex interactive relationships that are just beginning to be understood. Chemical stressors influence behavioral outcomes by affecting the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) enzyme, which is involved in serotonin metabolism and the neuroendocrine response to stress. Non-chemical stressors, particularly those associated with violence, have been shown to influence and exacerbate the externalizing behavioral outcomes associated with low MAOA activity and slowed serotonin metabolism. The adverse developmental effects associated with high stress and maternal drug use during pregnancy are well documented. However, research examining the combined effects of other non-chemical and chemical stressors on development and childhood outcomes as a result of gestational exposures is scarce but is an expanding field. In this systematic review, we examined the extant literature to explore the interrelationships between exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically stressful/traumatic experiences), MAOA characteristics, and childhood externalizing behaviors. We observed that exposures to chemical stressors (recreational drugs and environmental chemicals) are significantly related to externalizing behavioral outcomes in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interactions between MAOA characteristics, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effects on behavioral outcomes is sparse. We propose that maternal stress and cortisol fluctuations during pregnancy may be an avenue to link these concepts. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood behaviors include chemical and non-chemical stressors as well as children’s inherent genetic characteristics to gain a holistic understanding of the relationship between prenatal exposures and childhood behavioral outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Frances M. Nilsen & Jessica Frank & Nicolle S. Tulve, 2020. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating the Relationship between Exposures to Chemical and Non-Chemical Stressors during Prenatal Development and Childhood Externalizing Behaviors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-32, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:7:p:2361-:d:339351
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Laura Carrel & Huntington F. Willard, 2005. "X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females," Nature, Nature, vol. 434(7031), pages 400-404, March.
    2. Evans-Campbell, T. & Lindhorst, T. & Huang, B. & Walters, K.L., 2006. "Interpersonal violence in the lives of urban American Indian and Alaska Native women: Implications for health, mental health, and help-seeking," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 96(8), pages 1416-1422.
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    1. Frances M. Nilsen & Jazmin D.C. Ruiz & Nicolle S. Tulve, 2020. "A Meta-Analysis of Stressors from the Total Environment Associated with Children’s General Cognitive Ability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-35, July.

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