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Is It High Time to Increase Elite Soccer Substitutions Permanently?

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  • Gustavo R. Mota

    (Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-350, Brazil)

  • Izabela Aparecida dos Santos

    (Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-350, Brazil
    Exercise Physiology in Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, University of Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberaba 38055-500, Brazil)

  • Rhaí André Arriel

    (Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 360360-900, Brazil)

  • Moacir Marocolo

    (Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 360360-900, Brazil)

Abstract

Rules determine how team sport matches occur. Match-induced fatigue is specific to each sport, and may be associated with injury incidence. For example, the injury rate in soccer is distinctly higher during matches than in training sessions. Understanding the differences between team sports rules might be useful for enhancing rules (e.g., safer sport). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the rule-induced physical demands between soccer, futsal, basketball, and handball, focusing on substitution rules. Data from the elite team sports’ rules (e.g., absolute and relative court dimensions; the number of players, substitutions allowed, total game time, time-outs) were collected, including the changes due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in soccer substitutions, and comparisons were performed. The data showed that soccer has higher rule-induced physical demands: e.g., substantially lower substitution rate, higher dimensions in absolute (eight to fifteen times), and relative (four to eight times) values. Simulations also showed that soccer has extremely large differences, even considering COVID-19 substitution changes (from three to up to five). We conclude that elite soccer has remarkably higher overall rule-induced physical demands than elite futsal, basketball and handball, and increasing soccer substitutions permanently (e.g., unlimited) might mitigate overall soccer demands.

Suggested Citation

  • Gustavo R. Mota & Izabela Aparecida dos Santos & Rhaí André Arriel & Moacir Marocolo, 2020. "Is It High Time to Increase Elite Soccer Substitutions Permanently?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-13, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:19:p:7008-:d:419196
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gerd Ahlert, 2001. "The Economic Effects of the Soccer World Cup 2006 in Germany with Regard to Different Financing," Economic Systems Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 109-127.
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    Cited by:

    1. Álvaro García-Romero-Pérez & Francisco Javier Ordonez & Fernando Reyes-Gil & Elena Sonsoles Rodríguez-López & Ángel Oliva-Pascual-Vaca, 2021. "Muscle Damage Biomarkers in Congestion Weeks in English Premier League Soccer Players: A Prospective Study for Two Consecutive Seasons," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-12, July.
    2. Abraham García-Aliaga & Moisés Marquina & Ignacio Refoyo Román & Diego Muriarte Solana & Juan A. Piñero Madrona & Roberto López del Campo & Fabio Nevado Garrosa & Daniel Mon-López, 2022. "COVID-19 Confinement Effects on Game Actions during Competition Restart in Professional Soccer Players," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-11, April.
    3. Dilger, Alexander & Vischer, Lars, 2023. "Effects of the rule change from three to five substitutions in the Bundesliga," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 7/2023, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
    4. Abraham García-Aliaga & Moisés Marquina & Antonio Cordón-Carmona & Manuel Sillero-Quintana & Alfonso de la Rubia & Silvestre Jos Vielcazat & Fabio Nevado Garrosa & Ignacio Refoyo Román, 2021. "Comparative Analysis of Soccer Performance Intensity of the Pre–Post-Lockdown COVID-19 in LaLiga™," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-9, April.

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