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Distribution and Dietary Predictors of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Shanghai, China

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  • Xin He

    (Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
    Co-first authors: Xin He and Jiajie Zang.)

  • Jiajie Zang

    (Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
    Co-first authors: Xin He and Jiajie Zang.)

  • Ping Liao

    (Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China)

  • Yang Zheng

    (Department of NCD surveillance, Division of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China)

  • Ye Lu

    (Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China)

  • Zhenni Zhu

    (Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China)

  • Yan Shi

    (Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China)

  • Wenjing Wang

    (Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China)

Abstract

The exposure of pregnant women to phthalates is a major concern due to their adverse effect on developmental outcomes. Diet is an important pathway for exposure to phthalate compounds. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of pregnant women to phthalates in China are limited. We aimed to assess the distribution and dietary predictors of phthalate exposure among pregnant women in China. We measured the levels of 10 urinary phthalate metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in 210 pregnant women as part of the 2015 China National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Survey in Shanghai. We assessed the urinary specific gravity-adjusted phthalate metabolite levels along with potential demographic and dietary predictors. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between each potential demographic variable and dietary predictor and urinary phthalate metabolites. Seven urinary phthalate metabolites were detected in >95% of pregnant women. The geometric mean (GM) of urinary phthalate biomarker values were highest for monobutyl phthalate (GM: 25.29 ng/mL) and monoisobutyl phthalate (GM:11.18 ng/mL). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that a lower educational level was associated with elevated urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Edible seaweed consumption had a positive correlation with urinary monoethyl phthalate and monoisobutyl phthalate levels, and the total molar sum of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites. These findings offer important data on the dietary exposure to phthalates in pregnant Chinese women and suggest interventions to improve food safety.

Suggested Citation

  • Xin He & Jiajie Zang & Ping Liao & Yang Zheng & Ye Lu & Zhenni Zhu & Yan Shi & Wenjing Wang, 2019. "Distribution and Dietary Predictors of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Shanghai, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-12, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:8:p:1366-:d:223236
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ara Jo & Hyesook Kim & Hyewon Chung & Namsoo Chang, 2016. "Associations between Dietary Intake and Urinary Bisphenol A and Phthalates Levels in Korean Women of Reproductive Age," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-13, July.
    2. Hoyt Bleakley & Dora Costa & Adriana Lleras-Muney, 2014. "Health, Education, and Income in the United States, 1820–2000," NBER Chapters, in: Human Capital in History: The American Record, pages 121-159, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tingting Ma & Linwei Liu & Wei Zhou & Like Chen & Peter Christie, 2019. "Effects of Phthalate Esters on Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Seedlings and the Soil Microbial Community Structure under Different Soil Conditions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-19, September.

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