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Development and Validation of Positive Smoker Identity Questionnaire (PSmoQi): A New Instrument for Smoking Cessation Correlates

Author

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  • Mohd Hanief Ahmad

    (Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Mohd Ismail Ibrahim

    (Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Azriani Ab Rahman

    (Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Kamarul Imran Musa

    (Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Faridah Mohd Zin

    (Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
    Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Rehanah Mohd Zain

    (School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Ruhaya Hasan

    (School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Noraryana Hassan

    (FCTC and Tobacco Control Unit, Disease Control Division (NCD), Ministry of Health Malaysia, 62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia)

  • Imran Ahmad

    (Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
    Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

  • Nur Suhaila Idris

    (Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
    Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia)

Abstract

Background: The positive smoker identity construct, which was based on West’s PRIME Theory, affected the smoking prevalence, quit attempts and cessation success. A validated questionnaire which could measure this rich and complex construct may facilitate prediction models of successful cessation. We aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire that assesses positive smoker identity based on West’s PRIME Theory. Method: The initial item pool was developed based on a theoretical framework, empirical literature, existing scales and expert review. The questionnaire was conveniently distributed to 100 smokers. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to explore domains in the questionnaire. Construct and criterion validity, internal consistency and reliability of the domains were analyzed. Results: The final positive smoker identity questionnaire (PSmoQi) has 26 items under four internally-consistent and reliable domains: Contributory factors, contextual and temporal patterning, identity related to smoking, and behaviour in relation to smoking. The full scale demonstrated good internal consistency (∝ = 0.78), acceptable convergent and divergent validity, and good concurrent validity with the smoker self-concept scale. Conclusion: The current study provides fundamental evidence for the PSmoQi as a valid instrument in research related to smoking cessation and interventional strategy. The PSmoQi contained validated domains which could measure almost a full spectrum of smoking cessation components.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohd Hanief Ahmad & Mohd Ismail Ibrahim & Azriani Ab Rahman & Kamarul Imran Musa & Faridah Mohd Zin & Rehanah Mohd Zain & Ruhaya Hasan & Noraryana Hassan & Imran Ahmad & Nur Suhaila Idris, 2019. "Development and Validation of Positive Smoker Identity Questionnaire (PSmoQi): A New Instrument for Smoking Cessation Correlates," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-18, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:3:p:351-:d:201054
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Henry Kaiser, 1974. "An index of factorial simplicity," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 39(1), pages 31-36, March.
    2. Song, A.V. & Ling, P.M., 2011. "Social smoking among young adults: Investigation of intentions and attempts to quit," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(7), pages 1291-1296.
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    1. Mohd Hanief Ahmad & Mohd Ismail Ibrahim & Azriani Ab Rahman & Kamarul Imran Musa & Faridah Mohd Zain & Rehanah Mohd Zain & Ruhaya Hasan & Noraryana Hassan & Imran Ahmad & Nur Suhaila Idris, 2020. "Tobacco Denormalization Indicator in the Prevalence of Positive Smoker Identity and Its Associated Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-14, March.

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