IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v16y2019i2p170-d196116.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Spatial Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services by Multimodal Means of Travel: Synthesis and Case Study in the City of Calgary

Author

Listed:
  • Amritpal Kaur Khakh

    (Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada)

  • Victoria Fast

    (Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada)

  • Rizwan Shahid

    (Primary Health Care, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2W 3N2, Canada)

Abstract

Universal access to primary healthcare facilities is a driving goal of healthcare organizations. Despite Canada’s universal access to primary healthcare status, spatial accessibility to healthcare facilities is still an issue of concern due to the non-uniform distribution of primary healthcare facilities and population over space—leading to spatial inequity in the healthcare sector. Spatial inequity is further magnified when health-related accessibility studies are analyzed on the assumption of universal car access. To overcome car-centric studies of healthcare access, this study compares different travel modes—driving, public transit, and walking—to simulate the multi-modal access to primary healthcare services in the City of Calgary, Canada. Improving on floating catchment area methods, spatial accessibility was calculated based on the Spatial Access Ratio method, which takes into consideration the provider-to-population status of the region. The analysis revealed that, in the City of Calgary, spatial accessibility to the primary healthcare services is the highest for the people with an access to a car, and is significantly lower with multimodal (bus transit and train) means despite being a large urban centre. The social inequity issue raised from this analysis can be resolved by improving the city’s pedestrian infrastructure, public transportation, and construction of new clinics in regions of low accessibility.

Suggested Citation

  • Amritpal Kaur Khakh & Victoria Fast & Rizwan Shahid, 2019. "Spatial Accessibility to Primary Healthcare Services by Multimodal Means of Travel: Synthesis and Case Study in the City of Calgary," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-19, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:2:p:170-:d:196116
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/2/170/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/2/170/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jianhua Ni & Jinyin Wang & Yikang Rui & Tianlu Qian & Jiechen Wang, 2015. "An Enhanced Variable Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method for Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Residential Care Facilities in Nanjing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Jing Luo & Guangping Chen & Chang Li & Bingyan Xia & Xuan Sun & Siyun Chen, 2018. "Use of an E2SFCA Method to Measure and Analyse Spatial Accessibility to Medical Services for Elderly People in Wuhan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-17, July.
    3. Gehendra Mahara & Chao Wang & Kun Yang & Sipeng Chen & Jin Guo & Qi Gao & Wei Wang & Quanyi Wang & Xiuhua Guo, 2016. "The Association between Environmental Factors and Scarlet Fever Incidence in Beijing Region: Using GIS and Spatial Regression Models," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, November.
    4. Xiaofang Pan & Mei-Po Kwan & Lin Yang & Shunping Zhou & Zejun Zuo & Bo Wan, 2018. "Evaluating the Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities Using an Integrated Catchment Area Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-21, September.
    5. Hone-Jay Chu & Bo-Cheng Lin & Ming-Run Yu & Ta-Chien Chan, 2016. "Minimizing Spatial Variability of Healthcare Spatial Accessibility—The Case of a Dengue Fever Outbreak," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-11, December.
    6. Iacono, Michael & Krizek, Kevin J. & El-Geneidy, Ahmed, 2010. "Measuring non-motorized accessibility: issues, alternatives, and execution," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 133-140.
    7. Lan Ma & Nianxue Luo & Taili Wan & Chunchun Hu & Mingjun Peng, 2018. "An Improved Healthcare Accessibility Measure Considering the Temporal Dimension and Population Demand of Different Ages," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, October.
    8. Khan, Abdullah A., 1992. "An integrated approach to measuring potential spatial access to health care services," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 275-287, October.
    9. Yu, Dongwei & Tan, Hongwei & Ruan, Yingjun, 2012. "An improved two-step floating catchment area method for supporting district building energy planning: A case study of Yongding County city, China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 156-163.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Lu Liu & Runyi Gao & Li Zhang, 2024. "An Equity Evaluation of Healthcare Accessibility across Age Strata Using the G2SFCA Method: A Case Study in Karamay District, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-23, August.
    2. Zhuolin Tao & Qi Wang, 2022. "Facility or Transport Inequality? Decomposing Healthcare Accessibility Inequality in Shenzhen, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-14, June.
    3. Yue Liu & Yuwei Su & Xiaoyu Li, 2022. "Analyzing the Spatial Equity of Walking-Based Chronic Disease Pharmacies: A Case Study in Wuhan, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.
    4. Maggie Campillay-Campillay & Ana Calle-Carrasco & Pablo Dubo & Jorge Moraga-Rodríguez & Juan Coss-Mandiola & Jairo Vanegas-López & Alejandra Rojas & Raúl Carrasco, 2022. "Accessibility in People with Disabilities in Primary Healthcare Centers: A Dimension of the Quality of Care," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-14, September.
    5. Meihan Jin & Lu Liu & De Tong & Yongxi Gong & Yu Liu, 2019. "Evaluating the Spatial Accessibility and Distribution Balance of Multi-Level Medical Service Facilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-19, March.
    6. Jabrullah Ab Hamid & Muhamad Hanafiah Juni & Rosliza Abdul Manaf & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail & Poh Ying Lim, 2023. "Spatial Accessibility of Primary Care in the Dual Public–Private Health System in Rural Areas, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-21, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lan Ma & Nianxue Luo & Taili Wan & Chunchun Hu & Mingjun Peng, 2018. "An Improved Healthcare Accessibility Measure Considering the Temporal Dimension and Population Demand of Different Ages," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Meihan Jin & Lu Liu & De Tong & Yongxi Gong & Yu Liu, 2019. "Evaluating the Spatial Accessibility and Distribution Balance of Multi-Level Medical Service Facilities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-19, March.
    3. Langjiao Li & Qingyun Du & Fu Ren & Xiangyuan Ma, 2019. "Assessing Spatial Accessibility to Hierarchical Urban Parks by Multi-Types of Travel Distance in Shenzhen, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-23, March.
    4. Jinling Sui & Guoqin Zhang & Tao Lin & Nicholas A. S. Hamm & Chunlin Li & Xian Wu & Kaiqun Hu, 2023. "Quantitative Evaluation of Spatial Accessibility of Various Urban Medical Services Based on Big Data of Outpatient Appointments," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-18, March.
    5. Jiawei Zhang & Peien Han & Yan Sun & Jingyu Zhao & Li Yang, 2021. "Assessing Spatial Accessibility to Primary Health Care Services in Beijing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-13, December.
    6. Meijie Chen & Yumin Chen & Xiaoguang Wang & Huangyuan Tan & Fenglan Luo, 2019. "Spatial Difference of Transit-Based Accessibility to Hospitals by Regions Using Spatially Adjusted ANOVA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-20, May.
    7. Jingya Luan & Yuhong Tian & Chi Yung Jim & Xu Liu & Mengxuan Yan & Lizhu Wu, 2023. "Assessing Spatial Accessibility of Community Hospitals for the Elderly in Beijing, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-19, January.
    8. Lu Liu & Runyi Gao & Li Zhang, 2024. "An Equity Evaluation of Healthcare Accessibility across Age Strata Using the G2SFCA Method: A Case Study in Karamay District, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-23, August.
    9. Wei, Zhongyu & Bai, Jianjun & Feng, Ruitao, 2022. "Evaluating the spatial accessibility of medical resources taking into account the residents' choice behavior of outpatient and inpatient medical treatment," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    10. Tao, Zhuolin & Zhao, Min, 2023. "Planning for equal transit-based accessibility of healthcare facilities: A case study of Shenzhen, China," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    11. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    12. Sadayuki, Taisuke, 2018. "Measuring the spatial effect of multiple sites: An application to housing rent and public transportation in Tokyo, Japan," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 155-173.
    13. Antonio Abatemarco & Massimo Aria & Sergio Beraldo & Michela Collaro, 2023. "Measuring Access and Inequality of Access to Health Care: a Policy-Oriented Decomposition," CSEF Working Papers 666, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy.
    14. Fangye Du & Jiaoe Wang & Haitao Jin, 2021. "Whether Public Hospital Reform Affects the Hospital Choices of Patients in Urban Areas: New Evidence from Smart Card Data," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-14, July.
    15. Yongqing Dong & Liping Fu & Ronghui Tan & Liman Ding, 2019. "The Dilemma of Medical Reimbursement Policy in Rural China: Spatial Variability between Reimbursement Region and Medical Catchment Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-18, August.
    16. Rahimi-Golkhandan, Armin & Garvin, Michael J. & Brown, Bryan L., 2019. "Characterizing and measuring transportation infrastructure diversity through linkages with ecological stability theory," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 114-130.
    17. Brendan Murphy & David Levinson & Andrew Owen, 2015. "Accessibility and Centrality Based Estimation of Urban Pedestrian Activity," Working Papers 000143, University of Minnesota: Nexus Research Group.
    18. David Levinson & David Giacomin & Antony Badsey-Ellis, 2014. "Accessibility and the choice of network investments in the London Underground," Working Papers 000124, University of Minnesota: Nexus Research Group.
    19. Hone-Jay Chu & Bo-Cheng Lin & Ming-Run Yu & Ta-Chien Chan, 2016. "Minimizing Spatial Variability of Healthcare Spatial Accessibility—The Case of a Dengue Fever Outbreak," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-11, December.
    20. Tijs Neutens, 2012. "Accessibility to public service delivery: a combination of diff erent indicators," Chapters, in: Karst T. Geurs & Kevin J. Krizek & Aura Reggiani (ed.), Accessibility Analysis and Transport Planning, chapter 7, pages 118-132, Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:2:p:170-:d:196116. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.