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A Review and Update on Waterborne Viral Diseases Associated with Swimming Pools

Author

Listed:
  • Lucia Bonadonna

    (Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Giuseppina La Rosa

    (Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and molds, may threaten the health of swimming pool bathers. Viruses are a major cause of recreationally-associated waterborne diseases linked to pools, lakes, ponds, thermal pools/spas, rivers, and hot springs. They can make their way into waters through the accidental release of fecal matter, body fluids (saliva, mucus), or skin flakes by symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. We present an updated overview of epidemiological data on viral outbreaks, a project motivated, among other things, by the availability of improved viral detection methodologies. Special attention is paid to outbreak investigations (source of the outbreak, pathways of transmission, chlorination/disinfection). Epidemiological studies on incidents of viral contamination of swimming pools under non-epidemic conditions are also reviewed.

Suggested Citation

  • Lucia Bonadonna & Giuseppina La Rosa, 2019. "A Review and Update on Waterborne Viral Diseases Associated with Swimming Pools," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-11, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:2:p:166-:d:195978
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Keswick, B.H. & Gerba, C.P. & Goyal, S.M., 1981. "Occurrence of enteroviruses in community swimming pools," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 71(9), pages 1026-1030.
    2. Lenaway, D.D. & Brockmann, R. & Dolan, G.J. & Cruz-Uribe, F., 1989. "An outbreak of an enterovirus-like illness at a community wading pool: Implications for public health inspection programs," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 79(7), pages 889-890.
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    Cited by:

    1. Islam Nour & Atif Hanif & Adel M. Zakri & Ibrahim Al-Ashkar & Abdulkarim Alhetheel & Saleh Eifan, 2021. "Human Adenovirus Molecular Characterization in Various Water Environments and Seasonal Impacts in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-11, April.

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