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Spatio-Temporal Variation of Gender-Specific Hypertension Risk: Evidence from China

Author

Listed:
  • Li Xu

    (Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China)

  • Qingshan Jiang

    (Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China)

  • David R. Lairson

    (Division of Management Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200, Herman-Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA)

Abstract

Previous studies which have shown the existence of gender disparities in hypertension risks often failed to take into account the participants’ spatial and temporal information. In this study, we explored the spatio-temporal variation for gender-specific hypertension risks in not only single-disease settings but also multiple-disease settings. From the longitudinal data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 70,374 records of 21,006 individuals aged 12 years and over were selected for this study. Bayesian B-spline techniques along with the Besag, York, and Mollie (BYM) model and the Shared Component Model (SCM) model were then used to construct the spatio-temporal models. Our study found that the prevalence of hypertension in China increased from 11.7% to 34.5% during 1991 and 2015, with a higher rate in males than that in females. Moreover, hypertension was found mainly clustered in spatially adjacent regions, with a significant high-risk pattern in Eastern and Central China while a low-risk pattern in Western China, especially for males. The spatio-temporal variation of hypertension risks was associated with regional covariates, such as age, overweight, alcohol consumption, and smoking, with similar effects of age shared by both genders whereas gender-specific effects for other covariates. Thus, gender-specific hypertension prevention and control should be emphasized in the future in China, especially for the elderly population, overweight population, and females with a history of alcohol consumption and smoking who live in Eastern China and Central China.

Suggested Citation

  • Li Xu & Qingshan Jiang & David R. Lairson, 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Gender-Specific Hypertension Risk: Evidence from China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-26, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:22:p:4545-:d:287888
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hui Zhou & Kai Wang & Xiaojun Zhou & Shiying Ruan & Shaohui Gan & Siyuan Cheng & Yuanan Lu, 2018. "Prevalence and Gender-Specific Influencing Factors of Hypertension among Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study in Nanchang, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-13, February.
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    4. Moraga, Paula & Lawson, Andrew B., 2012. "Gaussian component mixtures and CAR models in Bayesian disease mapping," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 56(6), pages 1417-1433.
    5. Leonhard Knorr‐Held & Nicola G. Best, 2001. "A shared component model for detecting joint and selective clustering of two diseases," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 164(1), pages 73-85.
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