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The Effect of “Women’s Empowerment” on Child Nutritional Status in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Awaisra Shafiq

    (Department of Economics, Bagdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan)

  • Abid Hussain

    (School of Public Affairs, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Muhammad Asif

    (School of Public Affairs, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Jinsoo Hwang

    (The College of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Gwanjin-Gu, Seoul 143–747, Korea)

  • Arif Jameel

    (School of Public Affairs, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Shahida Kanwel

    (Hotel & Tourism Management, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

Abstract

Women’s empowerment in terms of both involvements in employment activities and with decision-making about household activities is the most evident factors that can affect the nutritional and health status of their children. This paper investigates the effect of women’s empowerment (WE) on children’s nutritional (CN) status in Pakistan. The Pakistan demographic health survey (PDHS 2012-13) cross-sectional data was used to analyze the impacts of WE on child malnutrition. The composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) was used as a dependent variable to measure the children’s nutritional status, and the wealth index household size. The number of children in a house and indicators of women empowerment, which included the mother’s education, employment status, and the household decision-making, were used as the independent variables. The method of binary logistic regression with marginal effects was used for the empirical analysis of the results. The results of the study showed the indicators of women’s empowerment, such as the education of the mother and employment status had a negative relationship with child malnutrition. Women’s decision-making about the visits to family, which is an indicator of WE, had an insignificant effect on CN. Similarly, socioeconomic status, which included the wealth index, also caused a reduction in child malnutrition. In addition, an increase in household size had a positive and significant relation to child malnutrition. Women are the primary caretakers of children in the household, and their intra-household dynamics affect the well-being of individuals. The empowerment of women acts as a means to enhance children’s nutritional status, which causes important developmental outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Awaisra Shafiq & Abid Hussain & Muhammad Asif & Jinsoo Hwang & Arif Jameel & Shahida Kanwel, 2019. "The Effect of “Women’s Empowerment” on Child Nutritional Status in Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-9, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:22:p:4499-:d:287123
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Raju,Dhushyanth & Dsouza,Ritika & Raju,Dhushyanth & Dsouza,Ritika, 2017. "Child undernutrition in Pakistan : what do we know ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8049, The World Bank.
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    5. Jamal, Haroon, 2018. "Mother‘s Empowerment and Child Malnutrition: Evidence from Pakistan," MPRA Paper 87949, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Cunningham, Kenda & Kadiyala, Suneetha & Malapit, Hazel Jean L. & Quisumbing, Agnes R. & Tyagi, Parul, 2013. "Women’s empowerment in agriculture, production diversity, and nutrition: Evidence from Nepal:," IFPRI discussion papers 1313, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
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