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Improvement of Spatial Modeling of Cr, Pb, Cd, As and Ni in Soil Based on Portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF) and Geostatistics: A Case Study in East China

Author

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  • Fang Xia

    (Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Bifeng Hu

    (Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
    Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers, Orléans University, 45067 Orléans, France
    Unité de Recherche en Science du Sol, INRA, 45075 Orléans, France
    InfoSol, INRA, US 1106, F-4075 Orléans, France)

  • Shuai Shao

    (Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Dongyun Xu

    (Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Yue Zhou

    (Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Yin Zhou

    (Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
    Institute of Land Science and Property, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Mingxiang Huang

    (Information Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China)

  • Yan Li

    (Institute of Land Science and Property, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

  • Songchao Chen

    (InfoSol, INRA, US 1106, F-4075 Orléans, France)

  • Zhou Shi

    (Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)

Abstract

To verify the feasibility of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) for rapidly analyzing, assessing and improving soil heavy metals mapping, 351 samples were collected from Fuyang District, Hangzhou City, in eastern China. Ordinary kriging (OK) and co-ordinary kriging (COK) combined with PXRF measurements were used to explore spatial patterns of heavy metals content in the soil. The Getis-Ord index was calculated to discern hot spots of heavy metals. Finally, multi-variable indicator kriging was conducted to obtain a map of multi-heavy metals pollution. The results indicated Cd is the primary pollution element in Fuyang, followed by As and Pb. Application of PXRF measurements as covariates in COK improved model accuracy, especially for Pb and Cd. Heavy metals pollution hot spots were mainly detected in northern Fuyang and plains along the Fuchun River in southern Fuyang because of mining, industrial and traffic activities, and irrigation with polluted water. Area with high risk of multi-heavy metals pollution mainly distributed in plain along the Fuchun River and the eastern Fuyang. These findings certified the feasibility of using PXRF as an efficient and reliable method for soil heavy metals pollution assessment and mapping, which could contribute to reduce the cost of surveys and pollution remediation.

Suggested Citation

  • Fang Xia & Bifeng Hu & Shuai Shao & Dongyun Xu & Yue Zhou & Yin Zhou & Mingxiang Huang & Yan Li & Songchao Chen & Zhou Shi, 2019. "Improvement of Spatial Modeling of Cr, Pb, Cd, As and Ni in Soil Based on Portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF) and Geostatistics: A Case Study in East China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-15, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:15:p:2694-:d:252518
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bifeng Hu & Songchao Chen & Jie Hu & Fang Xia & Junfeng Xu & Yan Li & Zhou Shi, 2017. "Application of portable XRF and VNIR sensors for rapid assessment of soil heavy metal pollution," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(2), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Bifeng Hu & Ruiying Zhao & Songchao Chen & Yue Zhou & Bin Jin & Yan Li & Zhou Shi, 2018. "Heavy Metal Pollution Delineation Based on Uncertainty in a Coastal Industrial City in the Yangtze River Delta, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-13, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shufeng She & Bifeng Hu & Xianglin Zhang & Shuai Shao & Yefeng Jiang & Lianqing Zhou & Zhou Shi, 2021. "Current Status and Temporal Trend of Potentially Toxic Elements Pollution in Agricultural Soil in the Yangtze River Delta Region: A Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-15, January.
    2. Xinjian Chen & Sihua Huang & Xuefeng Xie & Ming Zhu & Jianguo Li & Xiaohan Wang & Lijie Pu, 2020. "Enrichment, Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Soil Potentially Harmful Elements Associated with Different Land Use in Coastal Tidelands Reclamation Area, Eastern China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-19, April.

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