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Groundwater Chemistry and Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh

Author

Listed:
  • Abu Mohd Naser

    (Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Thomas F. Clasen

    (Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Stephen P. Luby

    (Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA)

  • Mahbubur Rahman

    (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh)

  • Leanne Unicomb

    (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh)

  • Kazi M. Ahmed

    (Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh)

  • Solaiman Doza

    (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh)

  • Shadassa Ourshalimian

    (Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Howard H. Chang

    (Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Jennifer D. Stowell

    (Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • K. M. Venkat Narayan

    (Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Mohammad Shamsudduha

    (Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK)

  • Shivani A. Patel

    (Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Bethany O’Shea

    (Department of Environmental and Ocean Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA)

  • Matthew O. Gribble

    (Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

Abstract

Background : We assessed the association of groundwater chemicals with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Methods: Blood pressure data for ≥35-year-olds were from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey in 2011. Groundwater chemicals in 3534 well water samples from Bangladesh were measured by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in 1998–1999. Participants who reported groundwater as their primary source of drinking water were assigned chemical measures from the nearest BGS well. Survey-adjusted linear regression methods were used to assess the association of each groundwater chemical with the log-transformed blood pressure of the participants. Models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, geographical region, household wealth, rural or urban residence, and educational attainment, and further adjusted for all other groundwater chemicals. Results: One standard deviation (SD) increase in groundwater magnesium was associated with a 0.992 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.986, 0.998) geometric mean ratio (GMR) of SBP and a 0.991 (95% CI: 0.985, 0.996) GMR of DBP when adjusted for covariates except groundwater chemicals. When additionally adjusted for groundwater chemicals, one SD increase in groundwater magnesium was associated with a 0.984 (95% CI: 0.972, 0.997) GMR of SBP and a 0.990 (95% CI: 0.979, 1.000) GMR of DBP. However, associations were attenuated following Bonferroni-correction for multiple chemical comparisons in the full-adjusted model. Groundwater concentrations of calcium, potassium, silicon, sulfate, barium, zinc, manganese, and iron were not associated with SBP or DBP in the full-adjusted models. Conclusions: Groundwater magnesium had a weak association with lower SBP and DBP of the participants.

Suggested Citation

  • Abu Mohd Naser & Thomas F. Clasen & Stephen P. Luby & Mahbubur Rahman & Leanne Unicomb & Kazi M. Ahmed & Solaiman Doza & Shadassa Ourshalimian & Howard H. Chang & Jennifer D. Stowell & K. M. Venkat Na, 2019. "Groundwater Chemistry and Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-14, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:13:p:2289-:d:243705
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohammad A. Hoque & Adrian P. Butler, 2015. "Medical Hydrogeology of Asian Deltas: Status of Groundwater Toxicants and Nutrients, and Implications for Human Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-20, December.
    2. Ross Nickson & John McArthur & William Burgess & Kazi Matin Ahmed & Peter Ravenscroft & Mizanur Rahmanñ, 1998. "Arsenic poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater," Nature, Nature, vol. 395(6700), pages 338-338, September.
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